<language> /A sharp/ A separable component of Version 2 of the AXIOM* computer algebra system. It provides a programming language with an optimising compiler, an intermediate code interpreter, and a library of data structures and mathematical abstractions. The compiler produces stand-alone executable programs, object libraries in native operating system formats, portable bytecode libraries, C and Lisp source code.
The A# programming language has support for object-oriented and functional programming styles. Both types and functions are first class values that can be manipulated with a range of flexible and composable primitives and user programs. The A# language design places particular emphasis on compilation for efficient machine code and portability.
Ports have been made to various 16, 32, and 64 bit architectures: RS/6000, SPARC, DEC Alpha, i386, i286, Motorola 680x0, S 370; several operating systems: Linux, AIX, SunOS, HP/UX, Next, Mach and other Unix systems, OS/2, DOS, Microsoft Windows, VMS and CMS; C compilers: Xlc, gcc, Sun, Borland, Metaware and MIPS C.
(1995-02-07)
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<language> (Or A0) A language for the UNIVAC I or II, using three-address code instructions for solving mathematical problems. A-0 was the first language for which a compiler was developed. It was produced by Grace Hopper's team at Remington Rand in 1952. Later internal versions were A-1, A-2, A-3, AT-3. AT-3 was released as MATH-MATIC.
["The A-2 Compiler System", Rem Rand, 1955].
[Sammet 1969, p. 12].
(1995-12-03)
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<language> Address 1 code.
An a1 code interpreter, by Matthew Newhook <matthew@engr.mun.ca> was used to test compiler output. It requires gcc 2.4.2 or higher and is portable to computers with memory segment protection.
(1994-07-19)
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<software, storage> IBM PC memory manager software providing HMA. XMMs usually provide this functionality. Named after the 21st address line (A20), controlling the access to HMA.
(1996-01-10)
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<hardware> (Aureal 3-Dimensional?) A technology developed by Aureal that delivers sound with a three-dimensional effect through two speakers. Many modern sound cards and PC games now support this feature.
A3D differs from the various forms of surround sound in that it only requires two speakers, while surround sound typically requires four or five. It is sometimes less convincing than surround sound but is supposedly better in interactive environments. For example, PC games in which sounds often move from one speaker to another favour A3D, while pre-recorded video favours surround sound.
(1999-01-26)
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Authentication, Authorization, Accounting, Auditing and Charging.
(2007-06-01)
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<language> An assembler for the Motorola DSP56000 and DSP56001 digital signal processors by Quinn Jensen <jensenq@qcj.icon.com>. Version 1.1 is available from an alt.sources archive or ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/.
(1992-08-10)
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Axiomatic Architecture Description Language
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Association of American Publishers
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<standard> A DTD for a standard SGML document type for scientific documents, defined by the Association of American Publishers.
(1994-11-08)
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<programming, tool> (Dutch for "earth") A tool to check memory use for C++ programs, written by Steve Reiss <spr@cs.brown.edu> (who names his programs after living systems).
Aard tracks the state of each byte of memory in the heap and the stack. The state can be one of Undefined, Uninitialised, Free or Set. The program can detect invalid transitions (i.e. attempting to set or use undefined or free storage or attempting to access uninitialised storage).
In addition, the program keeps track of heap use through malloc and free and at the end of the run reports memory blocks that were not freed and that are not accessible (i.e. memory leaks).
The tools works using a spliced-in shared library on SPARCs running C++ 3.0.1 under SunOS 4.X.
ftp://wilma.cs.brown.edu/pub/aard.tar.Z.
(1998-03-03)
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Apple Address Resolution Protocol
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<networking> AARP packets sent out on a nonextended AppleTalk network to discover whether a randomly selected node ID is being used by any node. If not, the sending node uses the node ID. If so, it chooses a different ID and sends more AARP probe packets.
(1997-05-03)
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Apple Attachment Unit Interface
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<communications> A bit signaling procedure used in most T1 transmission facilities where one bit from every sixth frame of each of 24 T1 subchannels is used for carrying supervisory signaling.
[What does it stand for? Is this the same as "bit robbing"?]
(1997-05-05)
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<jargon> /*-breev'/, /*-brev'/ Common abbreviation for "abbreviation".
(1995-02-27)
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<language> (ATLAS) A Mil-spec language for automatic testing of avionics equipment. ATLAS replaced Gaelic and several other test languages.
["IEEE Standard ATLAS Test Language", IEEE Std 416-1976].
(2000-04-03)
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1. <computer> Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
2. <language> An imperative language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and easy to learn and use. It is a general-purpose language which you might use instead of BASIC, Pascal or AWK. It is not a systems-programming language but is good for teaching or prototyping.
ABC has only five data types that can easily be combined; strong typing, yet without declarations; data limited only by memory; refinements to support top-down programming; nesting by indentation. Programs are typically around a quarter the size of the equivalent Pascal or C program, and more readable.
ABC includes a programming environment with syntax-directed editing, suggestions, persistent variables and multiple workspaces and infinite precision arithmetic.
An example function words to collect the set of all words in a document:
HOW TO RETURN words document:
PUT {} IN collection
FOR line in document:
FOR word IN split line:
IF word not.in collection:
INSERT word IN collection
RETURN collection
Interpreter/compiler, version 1.04.01, by Leo Geurts,
Lambert Meertens, Steven Pemberton <Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl>.
ABC has been ported to Unix, MS-DOS, Atari, Macintosh.
http://cwi.nl/cwi/projects/abc.html.
FTP eu.net, FTP nluug.nl, FTP uunet.
Mailing list: <abc-list-request@cwi.nl>.
E-mail: <abc@cwi.nl>.
["The ABC Programmer's Handbook" by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton, published by Prentice-Hall (ISBN 0-13-000027-2)].
["An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs" by Steven Pemberton, IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 56-64.]
(1995-02-09)
2. <language> Argument, Basic value, C?.
An abstract machine for implementation of functional languages and its intermediate code.
[P. Koopman, "Functional Programs as Executable Specifications", 1990].
(1995-02-09)
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<language> An extension of ALGOL 60 with arbitrary data structures and user-defined operators, for symbolic mathematics.
["ABC ALGOL, A Portable Language for Formula Manipulation Systems", R.P. van de Riet, Amsterdam Math Centrum 1973].
(1994-10-28)
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<language> An Object-Based Concurrent Language.
The language for the ABCL MIMD system, written by Akinori Yonezawa <matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp> of Department of Information Science, Tokyo University in 1986. ABCL/1 uses asynchronous message passing to objects. It requires Common Lisp. Implementations in KCL and Symbolics Lisp are available from the author.
ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/.
E-mail: <abcl@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>.
["ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System", A. Yonezawa ed, MIT Press 1990]. (1990-05-23).
(1995-02-09)
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<language> A concurrent object-oriented language, an extension of ABCL/1 based on C.
["An Implementation of An Operating System Kernel using Concurrent Object Oriented Language ABCL/c+", N. Doi et al in ECOOP '88, S. Gjessing et al eds, LNCS 322, Springer 1988].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A reflective subset of ABCL/1, written in ABCL/1 by Yonezawa of Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1988.
ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/abclr.
["Reflection in an Object-Oriented Concurrent Language", T. Watanabe et al, SIGPLAN Notices 23(11):306-315 (Nov 1988)].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An object-oriented, concurrent, reflective language based on Hybrid Group Architecture. ABCL/R2 was produced by <masuhara@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <takuo@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <yonezawa@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1992.
As a reflective language, an ABCL/R2 program can dynamically control its own behaviour, such as scheduling policy, from within a user-program. This system has almost all functions of ABCL/1 and is written in Common Lisp.
ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/abclr2/.
(1993-01-28)
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<logic> The process of inference to the best explanation.
"Abduction" is sometimes used to mean just the generation of hypotheses to explain observations or conclusionsm, but the former definition is more common both in philosophy and computing.
The semantics and the implementation of abduction cannot be reduced to those for deduction, as explanation cannot be reduced to implication.
Applications include fault diagnosis, plan formation and default reasoning.
Negation as failure in logic programming can both be given an abductive interpretation and also can be used to implement abduction. The abductive semantics of negation as failure leads naturally to an argumentation-theoretic interpretation of default reasoning in general.
[Better explanation? Example?]
["Abductive Inference", John R. Josephson <jj@cis.ohio-state.edu>].
(2000-12-07)
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<jargon> /o'bend/, /*-bend'/ ABnormal END. Abnormal termination (of software); crash; lossage. Derives from an error message on the IBM 360; used jokingly by hackers but seriously mainly by code grinders. Usually capitalised, but may appear as "abend". Hackers will try to persuade you that ABEND is called "abend" because it is what system operators do to the computer late on Friday when they want to call it a day, and hence is from the German "Abend" = "Evening".
(1994-11-08)
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<games> The first popular open source MUD. The first version of AberMUD, named after Aberystwyth, UK, was written in B by Alan Cox, Richard Acott, Jim Finnis, and Leon Thrane, at University of Wales, Aberystwyth for an old Honeywell mainframe and opened in 1987. The gameplay was heavily influenced by MUD1, written by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle, which Alan Cox had played at the University of Essex. In late 1988, Alan Cox ported AberMUD to C so it could run under UNIX on Southampton University's Maths machines. This version was named AberMUD2. Various other versions followed.
(2008-11-24)
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<language> A simple language for accountants.
["ABLE, The Accounting Language, Programming and Reference Manual," Evansville Data Proc Center, Evansville, IN, Mar 1975].
[Listed in SIGPLAN Notices 13(11):56 (Nov 1978)].
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> To terminate a program or process abnormally and usually suddenly, with or without diagnostic information. "My program aborted", "I aborted the transmission". The noun form in computing is "abort", not "abortion", e.g. "We've had three aborts over the last two days".
If a Unix kernel aborts it is known as a panic.
(1997-01-07)
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1. <networking> Alternating bit protocol.
2. Microsoft Address Book Provider.
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<mathematics> The horizontal or x coordinate on an (x, y) graph; the input of a function against which the output is plotted.
The vertical or y coordinate is the "ordinate".
(1997-07-08)
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<language> An early declarative language from the University of Aberdeen.
["ABSET: A Programming Language Based on Sets", E.W. Elcock et al, Mach Intell 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp.467-492].
(1994-11-08)
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<file system> A path relative to the root directory. Its first character must be the pathname separator.
(1996-11-21)
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<file system> A pathname relative to the root directory.
(1996-11-21)
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<philosophy> A description of a concept that leaves out some information or details in order to simplify it in some useful way.
Abstraction is a powerful technique that is applied in many areas of computing and elsewhere. For example: abstract class, data abstraction, abstract interpretation, abstract syntax, Hardware Abstraction Layer.
(2009-12-09)
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<programming> In object-oriented programming, a class designed only as a parent from which sub-classes may be derived, but which is not itself suitable for instantiation. Often used to "abstract out" incomplete sets of features which may then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes which add different variations of the missing pieces.
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> (ADT) A kind of data abstraction where a type's internal form is hidden behind a set of access functions. Values of the type are created and inspected only by calls to the access functions. This allows the implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any changes outside the module in which it is defined.
Objects and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but objects are not ADTs. Objects use procedural abstraction (methods), not type abstraction.
A classic example of an ADT is a stack data type for which functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to push values onto a stack and to pop values from a stack.
(2003-07-03)
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<theory> A partial execution of a program which gains information about its semantics (e.g. control structure, flow of information) without performing all the calculations. Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to analyse programs in order to decide whether certain optimisations or transformations are applicable.
The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and functions) are represented by points in some domain. Each abstract domain point represents some set of real ("concrete") values.
For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-" to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#, which operates on abstract values:
*# | + 0 - ---|------ + | + 0 - 0 | 0 0 0 - | - 0 +An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstract operation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of the concrete result. The meaning of "a safe approximation" depends on how we are using the results of the analysis.
If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are safer then the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) is
a# *# b# <= (a * b)#where a# is the abstract version of a etc.
In general an interpretation is characterised by the domains used to represent the basic types and the abstract values it assigns to constants (where the constants of a language include primitive functions such as *). The interpretation of constructed types (such as user defined functions, sum types and product types) and expressions can be derived systematically from these basic domains and values.
A common use of abstract interpretation is strictness analysis.
See also standard interpretation.
(1994-11-08)
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1. Generalisation; ignoring or hiding details to capture some kind of commonality between different instances. Examples are abstract data types (the representation details are hidden), abstract syntax (the details of the concrete syntax are ignored), abstract interpretation (details are ignored to analyse specific properties).
2. <programming> Parameterisation, making something a function of something else. Examples are lambda abstractions (making a term into a function of some variable), higher-order functions (parameters are functions), bracket abstraction (making a term into a function of a variable).
Opposite of concretisation.
(1998-06-04)
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1. <language> A processor design which is not intended to be implemented as hardware, but which is the notional executor of a particular intermediate language (abstract machine language) used in a compiler or interpreter. An abstract machine has an instruction set, a register set and a model of memory. It may provide instructions which are closer to the language being compiled than any physical computer or it may be used to make the language implementation easier to port to other platforms.
A virtual machine is an abstract machine for which an interpreter exists.
Examples: ABC, Abstract Machine Notation, ALF, CAML, F-code, FP/M, Hermes, LOWL, Christmas, SDL, S-K reduction machine, SECD, Tbl, Tcode, TL0, WAM.
2. <theory> A procedure for executing a set of instructions in some formal language, possibly also taking in input data and producing output. Such abstract machines are not intended to be constructed as hardware but are used in thought experiments about computability.
Examples: Finite State Machine, Turing Machine.
(1995-03-13)
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<language> (AMN) A language for specifying abstract machines in the B-Method, based on the mathematical theory of Generalised Substitutions.
(1995-03-13)
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<language, data> A form of representation of data that is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and also of the physical representation of the data. Abstract syntax is used to give a high-level description of programs being compiled or messages passing over a communications link.
A compiler's internal representation of a program will typically be an abstract syntax tree. The abstract syntax specifies the tree's structure is specified in terms of categories such as "statement", "expression" and "identifier". This is independent of the source syntax (concrete syntax) of the language being compiled (though it will often be very similar).
A parse tree is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it will typically also contain features such as parentheses which are syntactically significant but which are implicit in the structure of the abstract syntax tree.
(1998-05-26)
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<language, standard, protocol> (ASN.1, X.208, X.680) An ISO/ITU-T standard for transmitting structured data on networks, originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT X.409 '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series.
ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various ASN.1 encoding rules provide the transfer syntax (a concrete representation) of the data values whose abstract syntax is described in ASN.1. The standard ASN.1 encoding rules include BER (Basic Encoding Rules - X.209), CER (Canonical Encoding Rules), DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) and PER (Packed Encoding Rules).
ASN.1 together with specific ASN.1 encoding rules facilitates the exchange of structured data especially between application programs over networks by describing data structures in a way that is independent of machine architecture and implementation language.
OSI Application layer protocols such as X.400 MHS electronic mail, X.500 directory services and SNMP use ASN.1 to describe the PDUs they exchange.
Documents describing the ASN.1 notations: ITU-T Rec. X.680, ISO 8824-1; ITU-T Rec. X.681, ISO 8824-2; ITU-T Rec. X.682, ISO 8824-3; ITU-T Rec. X.683, ISO 8824-4
Documents describing the ASN.1 encoding rules: ITU-T Rec. X.690, ISO 8825-1; ITU-T Rec. X.691, ISO 8825-2.
[M. Sample et al, "Implementing Efficient Encoders and Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE Infocom 93 Proc, v.3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993. Available from Logica, UK].
See also snacc.
(2005-07-03)
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<compiler> (AST) A data structure representing something which has been parsed, often used as a compiler or interpreter's internal representation of a program while it is being optimised and from which code generation is performed. The range of all possible such structures is described by the abstract syntax.
(1994-11-08)
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<language> (ASDL) A language developed as part of Esprit project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combines an object-oriented type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a target-language interface.
["ASDL - An Object-Oriented Specification Language for Syntax-Directed Environments", M.L. Christ-Neumann et al, European Software Eng Conf, Strasbourg, Sept 1987, pp.77-85].
(1996-02-19)
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<graphics> (AWT) Java's platform-independent windowing, graphics, and user-interface toolkit. The AWT is part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) - the standard API for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for a Java program.
Compare: SWING.
["Java in a Nutshell", O'Reilly].
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/awt/.
(2000-07-26)
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<language> An early declarative language from the University of Aberdeen which anticipated a number of features of Prolog.
["ABSYS: An Incremental Compiler for Assertions", J.M. Foster et al, Mach Intell 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp. 423-429].
(1994-11-08)
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<audio> An audio format, succeded by AC3.
(2001-12-18)
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<audio> An audio format by Sony[?], the successor of AC2. AC3 is used for multi-channel audio for digital video.
(2001-12-18)
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Application Control Architecture
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Application Configuration Access Protocol
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<hardware, graphics> (AGP) A bus specification by Intel which gives low-cost 3D graphics cards faster access to main memory on personal computers than the usual PCI bus.
AGP dynamically allocates the PC's normal RAM to store the screen image and to support texture mapping, z-buffering and alpha blending.
Intel has built AGP into a chipset for its Pentium II microprocessor. AGP cards are slightly longer than a PCI card.
AGP operates at 66 MHz, doubled to 133 MHz, compared with PCI's 33 Mhz. AGP allows for efficient use of frame buffer memory, thereby helping 2D graphics performance as well.
AGP provides a coherent memory management design which allows scattered data in system memory to be read in rapid bursts. AGP reduces the overall cost of creating high-end graphics subsystems by using existing system memory.
(2004-07-19)
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<hardware> Additional hardware to perform some function faster than is possible in software running on the normal CPU. Examples include graphics accelerators and floating-point accelerators.
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A very high level interpreted language from CaseWare, Inc. with strings and tables. It is strongly typed and has remote function calls.
(1994-11-08)
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<library, networking> Berkeley Unix networking socket library routine to satisfy a connection request from a remote host. A specified socket on the local host (which must be capable of accepting the connection) is connected to the requesting socket on the remote host. The remote socket's socket address is returned.
Unix manual pages: accept(2), connect(2).
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> (AUP) Rules applied by many transit networks which restrict the use to which the network may be put. A well known example is NSFNet which does not allow commercial use. Enforcement of AUPs varies with the network.
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> Formal testing conducted to determine whether a system satisfies its acceptance criteria and thus whether the customer should accept the system.
(1996-05-10)
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<language> (ATOLL) The language used for automating the checking and launch of Saturn rockets.
["SLCC ATOLL User's Manual", IBM 70-F11-0001, Huntsville AL Dec 1970].
(2000-04-03)
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1. <language> An English-like query language used in the Pick operating system.
2. <database, product> Microsoft Access.
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> (ACL) A list of the services available on a server, each with a list of the hosts permitted to use the service.
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> 1. The way that network devices access the network medium.
2. Software in an SNA processor that controls the flow of data through a network.
(1998-03-02)
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<networking> (AP) Any device that acts as a communication hub to allow users of a wireless network to connect to a wired LAN. APs are important for providing heightened wireless security and for extending the physical range of service a wireless user has access to.
(2010-03-21)
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<hardware, storage> The average time interval between a storage peripheral (usually a disk drive or semiconductor memory) receiving a request to read or write a certain location and returning the value read or completing the write.
(1997-06-14)
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<project> A European Union ESPRIT Basic Research Action.
[What's it about?]
(1994-11-08)
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<operating system> A file which holds records of the resources used by individual jobs. These records are used to regulate, and calculate charges for, resources. An entry is opened in the accounting file as each job begins.
(1996-12-08)
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<networking> The process of identifying individual and group access to various network resources to ensure proper access capabilities (bandwidth and security) or to properly charge the various individuals and departments. Accounting management is one of five categories of network management defined by ISO for management of OSI networks.
(1997-05-05)
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<job> A person in a company who identifies new accounts, analyses customer needs, proposes business solutions, negotiates and oversees the implementation of new projects.
(2004-03-08)
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Association of C and C++ Users
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<processor> In a central processing unit, a register in which intermediate results are stored. Without an accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation (addition, multiplication, shift, etc.) to main memory and read them back. Access to main memory is slower than access to the accumulator which usually has direct paths to and from the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
The canonical example is summing a list of numbers. The accumulator is set to zero initially, each number in turn is added to the value in the accumulator and only when all numbers have been added is the result written to main memory.
Modern CPUs usually have many registers, all or many of which can be used as accumulators. For this reason, the term "accumulator" is somewhat archaic. Use of it as a synonym for "register" is a fairly reliable indication that the user has been around for quite a while and/or that the architecture under discussion is quite old. The term in full is almost never used of microprocessor registers, for example, though symbolic names for arithmetic registers beginning in "A" derive from historical use of the term "accumulator" (and not, actually, from "arithmetic"). Confusingly, though, an "A" register name prefix may also stand for "address", as for example on the Motorola 680x0 family.
2. <programming> A register, memory location or variable being used for arithmetic or logic (as opposed to addressing or a loop index), especially one being used to accumulate a sum or count of many items. This use is in context of a particular routine or stretch of code. "The FOOBAZ routine uses A3 as an accumulator."
(1999-04-20)
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<mathematics> How close to the real value a measurement is.
Compare precision.
(1998-04-19)
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1. Advanced Computing Environment.
2. Adaptive Communication Environment.
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Advanced Communications Function
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Advanced Communication Function/Network Control Program
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Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter
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<programming> A mnemonic for the properties a transaction should have to satisfy the Object Management Group Transaction Service specifications. A transaction should be Atomic, its result should be Consistent, Isolated (independent of other transactions) and Durable (its effect should be permanent).
The Transaction Service specifications which part of the Object Services, an adjunct to the CORBA specifications.
(1997-05-15)
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<graphics> Andy, Charles, Ian's System.
A geometric engine that most CAD packages now use. ACIS uses a sophisticated object-oriented approach for modelling, the data is stored in boundary representation. Acis is owned by Spatial Technologies.
[How does this differ from "solid modelling"?].
(1996-03-21)
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1. <character> /ak/ The mnemonic for the ACKnowledge character, ASCII code 6.
2. <communications> A message transmitted to indicate that some data has been received correctly. Typically, if the sender does not receive the ACK message after some predetermined time, or receives a NAK, the original data will be sent again.
(1997-01-07)
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2. Association for Computational Linguistics.
3. A Coroutine Language.
A Pascal-based implementation of coroutines.
["Coroutines", C.D. Marlin, LNCS 95, Springer 1980].
(1994-11-08)
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1. <body> The Association for Computing.
2. <communications> addressed call mode.
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<company, jargon> /ak'mee/ 1. A Company that Makes Everything. The canonical imaginary business. Possibly also derived from the word "acme" meaning "highest point".
2. A program for MS-DOS.
[What does it do?]
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An early system on the IBM 705.
[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1994-11-08)
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<company> A holding company for Acorn Computers Limited, Acorn Australia, Acorn New Zealand, Acorn GmbH and Online Media. Acorn Computer Group owns 43% of Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.
(1994-11-08)
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<company> A UK computer manufacturer, part of the Acorn Computer Group plc. Acorn was founded on 1978-12-05, on a kitchen table in a back room. Their first creation was an electronic slot machine. After the Acorn System 1, 2 and 3, Acorn launched the first commercial microcomputer - the ATOM in March 1980. In April 1981, Acorn won a contract from the BBC to provide the PROTON. In January 1982 Acorn launched the BBC Microcomputer System. At one time, 70% of microcomputers bought for UK schools were BBC Micros.
The Acorn Computer Group went public on the Unlisted Securities Market in September 1983. In April 1984 Acorn won the Queen's Award for Technology for the BBC Micro and in September 1985 Olivetti took a controlling interest in Acorn. The Master 128 Series computers were launched in January 1986 and the BBC Domesday System in November 1986.
In 1983 Acorn began to design the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM), the first low-cost, high volume RISC processor chip (later renamed the Advanced RISC Machine). In June 1987 they launched the Archimedes range - the first 32-bit RISC based microcomputers - which sold for under UKP 1000. In February 1989 the R140 was launched. This was the first Unix workstation under UKP 4000. In May 1989 the A3000 (the new BBC Microcomputer) was launched.
In 1990 Acorn formed Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. (ARM) in partnership with Apple Computer, Inc. and VLSI to develop the ARM processor. Acorn has continued to develop RISC based products.
With 1992 revenues of 48.2 million pounds, Acorn Computers was the premier supplier of Information Technology products to UK education and had been the leading provider of 32-bit RISC based personal computers since 1987.
Acorn finally folded in the late 1990s. Their operating system, RISC OS was further developed by a consortium of suppliers.
Usenet newsgroups: comp.sys.acorn, comp.sys.acorn.announce, comp.sys.acorn.tech, comp.binaries.acorn, comp.sources.acorn, comp.sys.acorn.advocacy, comp.sys.acorn.games.
HENSA software archive. Richard Birkby's Acorn page. RiscMan's Acorn page. Acorn On The Net. "The Jungle" by Simon Truss.
[Recent history?]
(2000-09-26)
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<company> A company formed in August 1994 by Acorn Computer Group plc to exploit the ARM RISC in television set-top box decoders. They planned to woo British Telecommunications plc to use the box in some of its video on demand trials.
The "STB1" box was based on an ARM8 core with additional circuits to enable MPEG to be decoded in software - possibly dedicated instructions for interpolation, inverse DCT or Huffman table extraction. A prototype featured audio MPEG chips, Acorn's RISC OS operating system and supported Oracle Media Objects and Microword. Online planned to reduce component count by transferring functions from boards into the single RISC chip.
The company was origianlly wholly owned by Acorn but was expected to bring in external investment.
[Article by nobody@tandem.com cross-posted from tandem.news.computergram, 1994-07-07].
In 1996 they releasd the imaginatively titled "Set Top Box 2" (STB20M) with a 32 MHz ARM 7500 and 2 to 32 MB RAM. There was also a "Set Top Box 22".
http://www.khantazi.org/Archives/MachineLst.html#STB1. http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory/riscpc700.shtml. http://acorn.chriswhy.co.uk/NC.html.
(2007-11-12)
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<processor> The original name of the Advanced RISC Machine.
(1995-03-07)
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<language> A BBS language for PRODOS 8 on Apple II. Macos is a hacked version of ACOS.
(1994-11-08)
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<hardware, communications> A device used to connect a modem to a telephone line via an ordinary handset. The acoustic coupler converts electrical signals from the modem to sound via a loudspeaker, against which the mouthpiece of a telephone handset is placed. The earpiece is placed against a microphone which converts sound to electrical signals which return to the modem. The handset is inserted into a sound-proof box containing the louspeaker and microphone to avoid interference from ambient noise.
Acousitic couplers are now rarely used since most modems have a direct electrical connection to the telephone line. This avoids the signal degradation caused by conversion to and from audio. Direct connection is not always possible, and was actually illegal in the United Kingdom before British Telecom was privatised. BT's predecessor, the General Post Office, did not allow subscribers to connect their own equipment to the telephone line.
(1994-11-08)
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Algebra of Communicating Processes
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Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
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<text, product> A product from Adobe Systems, Inc., for manipulating documents stored in Portable Document Format. Acrobat provides a platform-independent means of creating, viewing, and printing documents.
Acropolis: the magazine of Acrobat publishing.
(1995-04-21)
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<jargon> An identifier formed from some of the letters (often the initials) of a phrase and used as an abbreviation. This dictionary contains a great many acronyms; see the contents page for a list.
See also TLA.
(1995-03-15)
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Association Control Service Element
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1. <software> Annual Change Traffic.
2. <company> Ada Core Technologies.
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<language> A concurrent extension of C++ based on actors.
["ACT++: Building a Concurrent C++ With Actors", D.G. Kafura TR89-18, VPI, 1989].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An actor language descended from Plasma.
["Concurrent Object Oriented Programming in Act1", H. Lieberman in Object Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa et al eds, MIT Press 1987].
(1994-11-08)
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Algebraic Compiler and Translator
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["Issues in the Design of Act2", D. Theriault, TR728, MIT AI Lab, June 1983].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A high-level actor language by Carl Hewitt. A descendant of Act2 which provides support for automatic generation of customers and for delegation and inheritance.
["Linguistic Support of Receptionists for Shared Resources", C. Hewitt et al in Seminar on Concurrency, S.D. Brookes et al eds, LNCS 197, Springer 1985, pp. 330-359].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A Smalltalk-based actor language developed by J-P Briot in 1989.
["Actalk: A Testbed for Classifying and Designing Actor Languages in the Smalltalk-80 Environment", J-P. Briot, Proc ECOOP '89, pp. 109-129].
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> An approach to integrated CASE by Apollo.
(1994-11-08)
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<compiler> (Or "data frame", "stack frame") A data structure containing the variables belonging to one particular scope (e.g. a procedure body), as well as links to other activation records.
Activation records are usually created (on the stack) on entry to a block and destroyed on exit. If a procedure or function may be returned as a result, stored in a variable and used in an outer scope then its activation record must be stored in a heap so that its variables still exist when it is used. Variables in the current scope are accessed via the frame pointer which points to the current activation record. Variables in an outer scope are accessed by following chains of links between activation records. There are two kinds of link - the static link and the dynamic link.
(1995-03-07)
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<database> A conventional or passive DBMS combined with a means of event detection and condition monitoring. Event handling is often rule-based, as with an expert system.
(1994-11-08)
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<operating system> A directory service from Microsoft Corporation, similar in concept to Novell Netware Directory Services, that also integrates with the user organisation's DNS structure and is interoperable with LDAP. Active Directory is included in Windows 2000.
(2000-03-28)
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<tool, mathematics> An early interactive mathematics system for the XDS 930 at the University of California at Berkeley.
["Active Language I", R. de Vogelaere in Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics, A-P 1968].
(1994-11-08)
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<hardware> A type of liquid crystal display where each display element (each pixel) includes an active component such as a transistor to maintain its state between scans.
Contrast passive matrix display.
(1995-12-09)
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<networking, tool, project> (AMP) An NLANR project undertaking site-to-site measurement across the HPC networks. This work is intended to compliment the measurements taken by MCI and Abilene within the networks' infrastructure. Currently round trip times, topology, and packet loss are being measured.
(2004-01-18)
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<networking> A process in an IBM token ring network which ensures a token is present on the ring, removes circulating frames with unknown or invalid destinations, and performs introductions between machines on the ring.
(1996-06-18)
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<programming> An object each instance of which has its own thread running as well as its own copies of the object's instance variables.
(1998-03-08)
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<hardware> (ARM) An efficient mechanism which allows reconfiguration of the hardware logic of a system according to the particular data received or transmitted.
In ARM each message contains extra information in a Reconfiguring Header in addition to the data to be transferred. Upon arrival of the message the Reconfiguring Header is extracted, decoded and used to perform on-the-fly hardware reconfiguration. As soon as the hardware has been reconfigured the data information of the message can be processed.
[In what contect is this term used?]
(1997-06-06)
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<World-Wide Web, programming> (ASP) A scripting environment for Microsoft Internet Information Server in which you can combine HTML, scripts and reusable ActiveX server components to create dynamic web pages.
IIS 4.0 includes scripting engines for Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) and Microsoft JScript. ActiveX scripting engines for Perl and REXX are available through third-party developers.
[URL?]
(1999-12-02)
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<programming> A type of COM component that can self-register, also known as an "ActiveX control". All COM objects implement the "IUnknown" interface but an ActiveX control usually also implements some of the standard interfaces for embedding, user interface, methods, properties, events, and persistence.
ActiveX controls were originally called "OLE Controls", and were required to provide all of these interfaces but that requirement was dropped, and the name changed, to make ActiveX controls lean enough to be downloaded as part of a web page.
Because ActiveX components can support the OLE embedding interfaces, they can be included in web pages. Because they are COM objects, they can be used from languages such as Visual Basic, Visual C++, Java, VBScript.
["Understanding ActiveX and OLE", David Chappell, MS Press, 1996].
http://microsoft.com/com/tech/activex.asp.
(2002-04-19)
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<database, Microsoft, programming> (ADO) Microsoft's library for accessing data sources through OLE DB. Typically it is used to query or modify data stored in a relational database.
Home.
(2003-07-08)
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<language, specification> A specification language.
["An Algebraic Specification Language with Two Levels of Semantics", H. Ehrig et al, Tech U Berlin 83-1983-02-03].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An object-oriented language for Microsoft Windows written by Charles Duff of the Whitewater Group ca. 1986. It has Pascal/C-like syntax. Uses a token-threaded interpreter. Early binding is an option.
["Actor Does More than Windows", E.R. Tello, Dr Dobb's J 13(1):114-125 (Jan 1988)].
(1994-11-08)
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1. <programming> In object-oriented programming, an object which exists as a concurrent process.
2. <operating system> In Chorus, the unit of resource allocation.
(1994-11-08)
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<theory> A model for concurrency by Carl Hewitt. Actors are autonomous and concurrent objects which execute asynchronously. The Actor model provides flexible mechanisms for building parallel and distributed software systems.
["Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes", C. Hewitt et al, IFIP 77, pp. 987-992, N-H 1977].
["ACTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems", Gul A. Agha <agha@cs.uiuc.edu>, Cambridge Press, MA, 1986].
(1999-11-23)
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<World-Wide Web> An elaboration of the ages-old concept of the actor/singer/waiter, someone who waits tables for now, but who has aspirations of breaking into the glamorous worlds of acting or New Media or both!
He keeps going to auditions and sending a resumes to C|Net because you have to pay your dues.
His credits include being on "Friends" (as an extra), in "ER" (actually, in an ER - he twisted his ankle once; but he counts the x-rays as screen credits), and having been the webmaster of an extensive multimedia interactive website (his hotlist of "Simpsons" links).
(1998-04-04)
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<language> A multi-processor exemplar-based Smalltalk.
[LaLonde et al, OOPSLA '86].
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> A value, expression, or reference passed to a function or subroutine when it is called and which replaces or is bound to the corresponding formal argument.
See: argument.
(2002-07-02)
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<language> Pascal with parallel extensions, similar to the earlier Glypnir. It has parallel constants and index sets. Descendants include Parallel Pascal, Vector C and CMU's language PIE.
["A Language for Array and Vector Processors," R.H. Perrott, ACM TOPLAS 1(2):177-195 (Oct 1979)].
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> The country code for Andorra.
(1999-01-26)
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<language> (After Ada Lovelace) A Pascal-descended language, designed by Jean Ichbiah's team at CII Honeywell in 1979, made mandatory for Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon. The original language was standardised as "Ada 83", the latest is "Ada 95".
Ada is a large, complex, block-structured language aimed primarily at embedded applications. It has facilities for real-time response, concurrency, hardware access and reliable run-time error handling. In support of large-scale software engineering, it emphasises strong typing, data abstraction and encapsulation. The type system uses name equivalence and includes both subtypes and derived types. Both fixed and floating-point numerical types are supported.
Control flow is fully bracketed: if-then-elsif-end if, case-is-when-end case, loop-exit-end loop, goto. Subprogram parameters are in, out, or inout. Variables imported from other packages may be hidden or directly visible. Operators may be overloaded and so may enumeration literals. There are user-defined exceptions and exception handlers.
An Ada program consists of a set of packages encapsulating data objects and their related operations. A package has a separately compilable body and interface. Ada permits generic packages and subroutines, possibly parametrised.
Ada support single inheritance, using "tagged types" which are types that can be extended via inheritance.
Ada programming places a heavy emphasis on multitasking. Tasks are synchronised by the rendezvous, in which a task waits for one of its subroutines to be executed by another. The conditional entry makes it possible for a task to test whether an entry is ready. The selective wait waits for either of two entries or waits for a limited time.
Ada is often criticised, especially for its size and complexity, and this is attributed to its having been designed by committee. In fact, both Ada 83 and Ada 95 were designed by small design teams to be internally consistent and tightly integrated. By contrast, two possible competitors, Fortran 90 and C++ have both become products designed by large and disparate volunteer committees.
Home of the Brave Ada Programmers. Ada FAQs (hypertext), text only.
http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/, ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/, ftp://stars.rosslyn.unisys.com/pub/ACE_8.0.
E-mail: <adainfo@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu>.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.lang.ada.
An Ada grammar including a lex scanner and yacc parser is available. E-mail: <masticol@dumas.rutgers.edu>.
Another yacc grammar and parser for Ada by Herman Fischer.
An LR parser and pretty-printer for Ada from NASA is available from the Ada Software Repository.
Adamakegen generates makefiles for Ada programs.
["Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language", ANSI/MIL STD 1815A, US DoD (Jan 1983)]. Earlier draft versions appeared in July 1980 and July 1982. ISO 1987.
(2000-08-12)
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<language> An object-oriented extension to Ada, implemented as an Ada preprocessor. Obsoleted by Ada 95 which includes object-oriented features.
(1995-09-19)
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<language> The original Ada, as opposed to Ada 95.
(1995-03-13)
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<language> A revision and extension of Ada (Ada 83) begun in 1988 and completed on 1994-12-01 by a team lead by Tucker Taft of Intermetrics. Chris Anderson was the Project Manager. The printed standard was expected to be available around 1995-02-15.
Additions include object-orientation (tagged types, abstract types and class-wide types), hierarchical libraries and synchronisation with shared data (protected types) similar to Orca. It lacks multiple inheritance but supports the construction of multiple inheritance type hierarchies through the use of generics and type composition.
GNAT aims to be a free implementation of Ada 95.
You can get the standard from the Ada Joint Program Office.
["Introducing Ada 9X", J.G.P. Barnes, Feb 1993].
(1999-12-02)
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<language> The working title for Ada 95 before its adoption as an ISO standard.
(1995-01-19)
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<database> A relational database system by Software AG. While it was initially designed for large IBM mainframe systems (e.g. S/370 in the late 1970s), it has been ported to numerous other platforms over the last few years such as several flavors of Unix including AIX.
ADABAS stores its data in tables (and is thus "relational") but also uses some non-relational techniques, such as multiple values and periodic groups.
(1995-10-30)
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<company> (ACT) The company that maintains GNAT.
Ada Core Technologies was founded in 1994 by the original authors of the GNAT compiler. ACT provides software for Ada 95 development.
(2000-10-28)
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<language, education> An interpreter, editor, and run-time environment for Ada, intended as a teaching tool. Ada/Ed does not have the capacity, performance, or robustness of commercial Ada compilers. Ada/Ed was developed at New York University as part of a project in language definition and software prototyping.
AdaEd runs on Unix, MS-DOS, Atari ST, and Amiga.
It handles nearly all of Ada 83 and was last validated with version 1.7 of the ACVC tests. Being an interpreter, it does not implement most representation clauses and thus does not support systems programming close to the machine level.
Latest version: 1.11.0a+, as of 1994-08-18. A later version is known as GW-Ada.
E-mail: Michael Feldman <mfeldman@seas.gwu.edu>.
ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/amiga/languages/ada, ftp://cnam.cnam.fr/pub/Ada/Ada-Ed. For Amiga.
(1999-11-04)
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<architecture> Name given by Widrow to adaptive linear neurons, that is neurons (see McCulloch-Pitts) which learn using the Widrow-Huff Delta Rule. See also Madaline.
(1995-03-14)
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<person> (1811-1852) The daughter of Lord Byron, who became the world's first programmer while cooperating with Charles Babbage on the design of his mechanical computing engines in the mid-1800s.
The language Ada was named after her.
["Ada, Enchantress of Numbers Prophit of the Computer Age", Betty Alexandra Toole].
[More details?]
(1999-07-17)
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<graphics, algorithm> One of the progressive coding methods used in PNG images. Adam7, named after its author, Adam M. Costello, consists of seven distinct passes over the image. Each pass transmits a subset of the pixels in the image. The pass in which each pixel is transmitted is defined by replicating the following 8-by-8 pattern over the entire image, starting at the top left:
1 6 4 6 2 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 6 4 6 3 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7(2000-09-12)
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<tool> A program that generates makefiles for Ada programs. Adamakegen was written by Owen O'Malley <owen@schwartz-omalley.com>. It requires Icon and runs under Verdix and SunAda.
Latest version: 2.6.3, as of 1993-03-02.
(2004-08-21)
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<database> A data management system written at CERN, based on the Entity-Relationship model.
(1995-03-14)
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<person> The ex-book publisher who founded Osborne Computer Corporation.
(2007-05-21)
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<language> An Ada subset developed at the University of Karlsruhe in 1979, used for compiler bootstrapping. It lacks overloading, derived types, real numbers, tasks and generics.
["Revised Ada-O Reference Manual", G. Persch et al, U Karlsruhe, Inst fur Infor II, Bericht Nr 9/81].
(1995-02-14)
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<language> A functional database language based upon Backus' FP language.
[Erwig&Lipeck, Proc. DBPL-3, 1991].
(1995-05-07)
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<language, database> An extension of Ada for functional databases.
["Adaplex: Rationale and Reference Manual 2nd ed", J.M. Smith et al, Computer Corp America, Cambridge MA, 1983].
(1995-02-14)
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<tool, project> (APSE) A program or set of programs to support software development in the Ada language.
[Examples?]
(1997-06-30)
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[Sammet 1969, p. 606].
(1995-02-14)
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<tool, product> (AUI, Oracle Toolkit) A toolkit from Oracle allowing applications to be written which will be portable between different windowing systems. AUI provides one call level interface along with a resource manager and editor across a range of "standard" GUIs, including Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and the X Window System.
(1995-03-16)
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<company> A company specialising in the aera of movement of data between computers. Adaptec designs hardware and software products to transfer data from a computer to a peripheral device or network.
Founded in 1981, the company achieved profitability in 1984, went public in 1986, and to date has achieved 54 consecutive profitable quarters.
Revenues for fiscal 1997 were $934 million, a 42% increase over the prior year. Net income, excluding acquisition charges, for fiscal year 1997 was $198 million or $1.72 per share.
(1999-08-25)
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<communications> A feature which allows a faxmodem to answer the telephone and decide whether the incoming call is a fax or data call. Most Class 1 faxmodems do this. The U.S. Robotics Class 1 implementation however seems not to do it, it must be set to answer as either one or the other.
(1995-03-16)
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<communications, tool> A C++ wrapper library for communications from the University of California at Irvine.
(1995-03-16)
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<communications> (ADPCM) A compression technique which records only the difference between samples and adjusts the coding scale dynamically to accomodate large and small differences. ADPCM is simple to implement, but introduces much noise.
[Used where? Does the Sony minidisk use ADPCM or ATRAC?]
(1998-12-10)
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<algorithm> (Or "Hebbian learning") Learning where a system programs itself by adjusting weights or strengths until it produces the desired output.
(1995-03-16)
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<database (ASE) The relational database management system that started life in the mid-eighties [first release?] as "Sybase SQL Server". For a number of years Microsoft was a Sybase distributor, reselling the Sybase product for OS/2 and (later) Windows NT under the name "Microsoft SQL Server".
Around 1994, Microsoft basically bought a copy of the source code of Sybase SQL Server and then went its own way. As competitors, Sybase and Microsoft have been developing their products independently ever since. Microsoft has mostly emphasised ease-of-use and "Window-ising" the product, while Sybase has focused on maximising performance and reliability, and running on high-end hardware.
When releasing version 11.5 in 1997, Sybase renamed its product to "ASE" to better distinguish its database from Microsoft's. Both ASE and MS SQL Server call their query language "Transact-SQL" and they are very similar.
Sybase SQL Server was the first true client-server RDBMS which was also capable of handling real-world workloads. In contrast, other DBMSs have long been monolithic programs; for example, Oracle only "bolted on" client-server functionality in the mid-nineties. Also, Sybase SQL Server was the first commercially successful RDBMS supporting stored procedures and triggers, and a cost-based query optimizer.
As with many other technology-driven competitors of Microsoft, Sybase has lost market share to MS's superior marketing, though many consider it has the superior system.
http://sypron.nl/whatis_ase.html.
(2003-07-02)
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<language> (ASA) An algorithm for global optimisation of generic functions by Lester Ingber <ingber@alumni.caltech.edu> <ingber@ingber.com>.
Latest version: 20.5, as of 2000-02-29.
http://alumni.caltech.edu/~ingber/.
Mailing list: <asa-request@alumni.caltech.edu>.
(2000-02-29)
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<algorithm> (ATRAC) An audio compression algorithm, introduced by Sony for its Mini Disk, which relies on the masking of low-amplitude frequency components by temporaly adjacent high-amplitude components. ATRAC consists of a three-band subband encoder (0...5.5, 5.5...11, 11...22 kHz) and a MDCT based transformation encoder.
[Does Sony Minidisk use ADPCM?]
(2001-12-13)
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<tool> (Automatic DAta Parallelism TranslatOR) A source to source transformation tool that transforms data parallel programs written in Fortran 77 with array extensions, parallel loops, and layout directives to parallel programs with explicit message passing. ADAPTOR generates Fortran 77 host and node programs with message passing. The new generated source codes have to be compiled by the compiler of the parallel computer.
Version 1.0 runs on CM-5, iPCS/860, Meiko CS1/CS2, KSR 1, SGI, Alliant or a network of Suns or RS/6000s.
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/adaptor/adp_1.0.tar.Z.
[Connection with Thomas Brandes and GMD?]
(1993-06-01)
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<language> (ASIS) An intermediate representation for Ada.
E-mail: <sblake@thomsoft.com>.
See also Diana.
(1995-02-15)
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<language> A collection of Ada programs?
http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/asr/.
(1995-01-06)
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Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol
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application developer customer unit
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<tool, product> Application Development cycle.
A set of SAA-compatible IBM-sponsored products for program development, running on workstations accessing a central repository on a mainframe. The stages cover requirements, analysis and design, production of the application, building and testing and maintenance. Technologies used include code generators and knowledge based systems as well as languages and debuggers.
(1994-10-24)
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<humour, language> (From COBOL's equivalent syntax to C's C++) A tongue-in-cheek suggestion by Bruce Clement for an object-oriented COBOL.
[SIGPLAN Notices 27(4):90-91 (Apr 1992)].
(1995-03-17)
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<tool> A Depository of Development Documents.
A public domain Software Engineering Environment from GMD developed as part of the STONE project.
(1995-02-03)
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<mathematics> A function f : X -> Y is additive if
for all Z <= X
f (lub Z) = lub { f z : z in Z }
(f "preserves lubs"). All additive functions defined over
cpos are continuous.
("<=" is written in LaTeX as \subseteq, "lub" as \sqcup ).
(1995-02-03)
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1. <networking> e-mail address.
2. <networking> IP address.
3. <networking> MAC address.
4. <storage, programming> An unsigned integer used to select one fundamental element of storage, usually known as a word from a computer's main memory or other storage device. The CPU outputs addresses on its address bus which may be connected to an address decoder, cache controller, memory management unit, and other devices.
While from a hardware point of view an address is indeed an integer most strongly typed programming languages disallow mixing integers and addresses, and indeed addresses of different data types. This is a fine example for syntactic salt: the compiler could work without it but makes writing bad programs more difficult.
(1997-07-01)
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<processor> The connections between the CPU and memory which carry the address from/to which the CPU wishes to read or write. The number of bits of address bus determines the maximum size of memory which the processor can access.
See also data bus.
(1995-03-22)
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<communications> (ACM) A mode that permits control signals and commands to establish and terminate calls in V.25bis.
(1997-05-07)
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<communications> One to whom something is addressed. E.g. "The To, CC, and BCC headers list the addressees of the e-mail message". Normally an addressee will eventually be a recipient, unless there is a failure at some point (an e-mail "bounces") or the message is redirected to a different addressee.
(2000-03-22)
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1. <processor, programming> One of a set of methods for specifying the operand(s) for a machine code instruction. Different processors vary greatly in the number of addressing modes they provide. The more complex modes described below can usually be replaced with a short sequence of instructions using only simpler modes.
The most common modes are "register" - the operand is stored in a specified register; "absolute" - the operand is stored at a specified memory address; and "immediate" - the operand is contained within the instruction.
Most processors also have indirect addressing modes, e.g. "register indirect", "memory indirect" where the specified register or memory location does not contain the operand but contains its address, known as the "effective address". For an absolute addressing mode, the effective address is contained within the instruction.
Indirect addressing modes often have options for pre- or post- increment or decrement, meaning that the register or memory location containing the effective address is incremented or decremented by some amount (either fixed or also specified in the instruction), either before or after the instruction is executed. These are very useful for stacks and for accessing blocks of data. Other variations form the effective address by adding together one or more registers and one or more constants which may themselves be direct or indirect. Such complex addressing modes are designed to support access to multidimensional arrays and arrays of data structures.
The addressing mode may be "implicit" - the location of the operand is obvious from the particular instruction. This would be the case for an instruction that modified a particular control register in the CPU or, in a stack based processor where operands are always on the top of the stack.
2. In IBM System 370/XA the addressing mode bit controls the size of the effective address generated. When this bit is zero, the CPU is in the 24-bit addressing mode, and 24 bit instruction and operand effective addresses are generated. When this bit is one, the CPU is in the 31-bit addressing mode, and 31-bit instruction and operand effective addresses are generated.
["IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation", Chapter 5., 'Address Generation', BiModal Addressing].
(1995-03-30)
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<networking> (Or "subnet mask") A bit mask used to identify which bits in an IP address correspond to the network address and subnet portions of the address. This mask is often referred to as the subnet mask because the network portion of the address can be determined by the class inherent in an IP address. The address mask has ones in positions corresponding to the network and subnet numbers and zeros in the host number positions.
(1996-03-21)
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<networking> Conversion of an Internet address into the corresponding physical address (Ethernet address). This is usually done using Address Resolution Protocol.
The resolver is a library routine and a set of processes which converts hostnames into Internet addresses, though this process in not usually referred to as resolution. See DNS.
(1996-04-09)
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<networking, protocol> (ARP) A method for finding a host's Ethernet address from its Internet address. The sender broadcasts an ARP packet containing the Internet address of another host and waits for it (or some other host) to send back its Ethernet address. Each host maintains a cache of address translations to reduce delay and loading. ARP allows the Internet address to be independent of the Ethernet address but it only works if all hosts support it.
ARP is defined in RFC 826.
The alternative for hosts that do not do ARP is constant mapping.
See also proxy ARP, reverse ARP.
(1995-03-20)
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<operating system, architecture> The range of addresses which a processor or process can access, or at which a device can be accessed. The term may refer to either physical address or virtual address.
The size of a processor's address space depends on the width of the processor's address bus and address registers.
Each device, such as a memory integrated circuit, will have its own local address space which starts at zero. This will be mapped to a range of addresses which starts at some base address in the processor's address space.
Similarly, each process will have its own address space, which may be all or a part of the processor's address space. In a multitasking system this may depend on where in memory the process happens to have been loaded. For a process to be able to run at any address it must consist of position-independent code. Alternatively, each process may see the same local address space, with the memory management unit mapping this to the process's own part of the processor's address space.
(1999-11-01)
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<storage> (AS) One of the input signals of a memory device, especially semiconductor memory, which is asserted to tell the memory device that the address inputs are valid. Upon receiving this signal the selected memory device starts the memory access (read/write) indicated by its other inputs.
It may be driven directly by the processor or by a memory controller.
(1996-10-02)
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<language> A language for specification of attribute grammars, used by the MUG2 compiler compiler.
["An Overview of the Attribute Definition Language ADELE", H. Ganziger in GI3, Fachesprach "Compiler-Compiler", W. Henhapl ed, Munchen Mar 1982, pp.22-53].
(1995-01-23)
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<language> An early system on the IBM 704.
Version: ADES II.
[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1995-03-20)
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Contrived purely for the purpose in hand rather than planned carefully in advance. E.g. "We didn't know what to do about the sausage rolls, so we set up an ad-hoc committee".
(1995-03-25)
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<jargon> /ad-hok'*r-ee/ (Purdue) 1. Gratuitous assumptions made inside certain programs, especially expert systems, which lead to the appearance of semi-intelligent behaviour but are in fact entirely arbitrary. For example, fuzzy-matching of input tokens that might be typing errors against a symbol table can make it look as though a program knows how to spell.
2. Special-case code to cope with some awkward input that would otherwise cause a program to fail, presuming normal inputs are dealt with in some cleaner and more regular way. Also called "ad-hackery", "ad-hocity" (/ad-hos'*-tee/), "ad-crockery".
See also ELIZA effect.
(1995-01-05)
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<database, project> The Aditi Deductive Database System. A multi-user deductive database system from the Machine Intelligence Project at the University of Melbourne. It supports base relations defined by facts (relations in the sense of relational databases) and derived relations defined by rules that specify how to compute new information from old information.
Both base relations and the rules defining derived relations are stored on disk and are accessed as required during query evaluation. The rules defining derived relations are expressed in a Prolog-like language, which is also used for expressing queries.
Aditi supports the full structured data capability of Prolog. Base relations can store arbitrarily nested terms, for example arbitrary length lists, and rules can directly manipulate such terms. Base relations can be indexed with B-trees or multi-level signature files.
Users can access the system through a Motif-based query and database administration tool, or through a command line interface. There is also in interface that allows NU-Prolog programs to access Aditi in a transparent manner. Proper transaction processing is not supported in this release.
The beta release runs on SPARC/SunOS4.1.2 and MIPS/Irix4.0.
E-mail: <aditi@cs.mu.oz.au>.
(1992-12-17)
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<networking> A relationship between two network devices, e.g. routers, which are connected by one media segment so that a packet sent by one can reach the other without going through another network device. The concept of adjacency is important in the exchange of routing information.
Adjacent SNA nodes are nodes connected to a given node with no intervening nodes. In DECnet and OSI, adjacent nodes share a common segment (Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring).
(1998-03-10)
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1. <games> Adventure Definition Language.
2. <language> Ada Development Language.
R.A. Lees, 1989.
3. <programming> API Definition Language.
A project for Automatic Interface Test Generation.
(1995-11-17)
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<language> A language which adds a Prolog layer to Ada.
["AdLog, An Ada Components Set to Add Logic to Ada", G. Pitette, Proc Ada-Europe Intl Conf Munich, June 1988].
(1995-03-21)
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<language> A picture query language, extension of Sequel2.
["An Image-Oriented Database System", Y. Takao et al, in Database Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed, pp. 527-538].
(1995-03-21)
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Administration Management Domain
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<networking> (ADMD) An X.400 Message Handling System public service carrier. The ADMDs in all countries worldwide together provide the X.400 backbone. Examples: MCImail and ATTmail in the U.S., British Telecom Gold400mail in the U.K.
See also PRMD.
[RFC 1208].
(1997-05-07)
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<networking> A rating of the trustworthiness of a routing information source set by the router administrator. In Cisco routers, administrative distance is a number between 0 and 255 (the higher the value, the less trustworthy the source).
(1998-03-10)
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<networking> (AD) A collection of hosts and routers, and the interconnecting network(s), managed by a single administrative authority.
(1994-11-24)
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<algorithm> A description of a search algorithm that is guaranteed to find a minimal solution path before any other solution paths, if a solution exists. An example of an admissible search algorithm is A* search.
(1999-07-19)
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<company> A California font foundry and software house. Adobe created the PostScript page description language and wrote the Blue Book, Green Book, Red Book and White Book on it. They also developed PDF. Adobe took over Frame Technology Corporation in late 1995/early 1996.
E-mail: <postmaster@adobe.com>.
Address: Silicon Valley, California, USA.
(1996-12-13)
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<text, tool, product> (ATM) Software that produces PostScript outline fonts on screen and paper. There are versions that run under Microsoft Windows and on the Macintosh. ATM can do hinting, multiple master and anti-aliasing.
(1998-03-10)
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Adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation
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An expert system.
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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
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AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
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<audio> (AAC) A successor to MP3, allowing lower bit rates and more stable quality.
See MPEG-2 AAC Low Profile and MPEG-4 AAC Main Profile.
(2001-12-02)
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<networking> (ACF/NCP, usually called just "NCP") The primary SNA network control program, one of the ACF products. ACF/NCP resides in the communications controller and interfaces with ACF/VTAM in the host processor to control network communications.
NCP can also communicate with multiple hosts using local channel or remote links (PU type 5 or PU type 4) thus enabling cross domain application communication. In a multiple mainframe SNA environment, any terminal or application can access any other application on any host using cross domain logon.
See also Emulator program.
[Communication or Communications?]
(1999-01-29)
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<networking> (ACF) A group of IBM SNA products that provide distributed processing and resource sharing such as VTAM and NCP.
[Communication or Communications?]
(1997-05-07)
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<body> (ACE) A consortium to agree on an open architecture based on the MIPS R4000 chip. A computer architecture ARCS will be defined, on which either OS/2 or Open Desktop can be run.
(1995-02-03)
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<hardware, standard> (ACPI) An open industry standard developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba for configuration and power management.
The key element of the standard is power management with two important improvements. First, it puts the OS in control of power management. In the currently existing APM model most of the power management tasks are run by the BIOS, with limited intervention from the OS. In ACPI, the BIOS is responsible for the dirty details of communicating with hardware equipment but the control is in the OS.
The other important feature is bringing power management features now available only in portable computers to desktop computers and servers. Extremely low consumption states, i.e., in which only memory, or not even memory is powered, but from which ordinary interrupts (real time clock, keyboard, modem, etc.) can quickly wake the system, are today available in portables only. The standard should make these available for a wider range of systems.
For ACPI to work the operating system, the motherboard chipset, and for some functions even the CPU has to be designed for it. Microsoft is heavily driving a move toward ACPI, both Windows NT 5.0 and Windows 98 will support it. It remains to be seen how much hardware manufacturers will embrace the technology and whether other operating system vendors will support it.
(1998-03-27)
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<protocol> An ANSI standard bit-oriented data link control protocol.
(1997-05-07)
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<cryptography, algorithm> (AES) The NIST's replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The Rijndael /rayn-dahl/ symmetric block cipher, designed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, was chosen by a NIST contest to be AES.
AES is Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS-197.
AES currently supports 128, 192 and 256-bit keys and encryption blocks, but may be extended in multiples of 32 bits.
http://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/aes/.
(2003-07-04)
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<printer, language> (AFP) A page description language from IBM introduced in 1984 initially as Advanced Function Printing. AFP was first developed for mainframes and then brought to minicomputers and workstations. It is implemented on the various platforms by Print Services Facility (PSF) software, which generates the native IBM printer language, IPDS and, depending on the version, PostScript and LaserJet PCL as well. IBM calls AFP a "printer architecture" rather than a page description language.
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Advanced Function Presentation
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<storage> (AIT) A form of magnetic tape and drive using AME developed by Sony for storing large amounts of data. An AIT can store over 50 gigabytes and transfer data at six megabytes/second (in February 1999). AIT features high speed file access, long head and media life, the ALDC compression algorithm, and a MIC chip.
(1999-04-16)
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<operating system> (AIX) IBM's version of Unix, taken as the basis for the OSF standard.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.sys.unix.aix.
(1994-11-24)
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<company> (AMD) A US manufacturer of integrated circuits, founded in 1969. AMD was the fifth-largest IC manufacturer in 1995. AMD focuses on the personal and networked computation and communications market. They produce microprocessors, embedded processors and related peripherals, memories, programmable logic devices, circuits for telecommunications and networking applications.
In 1995, AMD had 12000 employees in the USA and elsewhere and manufacturing facilities in Austin, Texas; Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan; Bangkok, Thailand; Penang, Malaysia; and Singapore.
AMD made the AMD 2900 series of bit-slice TTL components and clones of the Intel 80386 and Intel 486 microprocessors.
Address: Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
(1995-02-27)
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<networking> (ANSA) A "software bus" based on a model for distributed systems developed as an ESPRIT project.
(1996-04-01)
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<networking, product> (APPN) IBM data communications support that routes data in a network between two or more APPC systems that need not be adjacent.
(1995-02-03)
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<hardware> (APM) A feature of some displays, usually but not always, on laptop computers, which turns off power to the display after a preset period of inactivity to conserve electrical power. Monitors with this capability are usually refered to as "green monitors", meaning environmentally friendly.
Not to be confused with a screen blanker which is software that causes the display to go black (by setting every pixel to black) to prevent burn-in.
(1997-08-25)
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<integrated circuit> (APIC) A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) that can handle interrupts from and for multiple CPUs, and, usually, has more available interrupt lines that a typical PIC.
(2003-03-18)
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<networking, product> (APPC) An implementation of the IBM SNA/SDLC LU6.2 protocol that allows interconnected systems to communicate and share the processing of programs.
(1995-02-03)
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Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
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<networking> (ARPANET) A pioneering longhaul wide area network funded by DARPA (when it was still called "ARPA"?). It became operational in 1968 and served as the basis for early networking research, as well as a central backbone during the development of the Internet. The ARPANET consisted of individual packet switching computers interconnected by leased lines. Protocols used include FTP and telnet. It has now been replaced by NSFnet.
[1968 or 1969?]
(1994-11-17)
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<database> (AREV) A database development environment for personal computers available from Revelation Software since 1982. Originally based on the PICK operating system, there are over one million users worldwide in 1996.
(1996-12-12)
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<standard, hardware> (ARC, previously ARCS) The baseline hardware requirements for an ACE-compatible system.
(1995-01-16)
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<processor> (ARM, Originally Acorn RISC Machine). A series of low-cost, power-efficient 32-bit RISC microprocessors for embedded control, computing, digital signal processing, games, consumer multimedia and portable applications. It was the first commercial RISC microprocessor (or was the MIPS R2000?) and was licensed for production by Asahi Kasei Microsystems, Cirrus Logic, GEC Plessey Semiconductors, Samsung, Sharp, Texas Instruments and VLSI Technology.
The ARM has a small and highly orthogonal instruction set, as do most RISC processors. Every instruction includes a four-bit code which specifies a condition (of the processor status register) which must be satisfied for the instruction to be executed. Unconditional execution is specified with a condition "true".
Instructions are split into load and store which access memory and arithmetic and logic instructions which work on registers (two source and one destination).
The ARM has 27 registers of which 16 are accessible in any particular processor mode. R15 combines the program counter and processor status byte, the other registers are general purpose except that R14 holds the return address after a subroutine call and R13 is conventionally used as a stack pointer. There are four processor modes: user, interrupt (with a private copy of R13 and R14), fast interrupt (private copies of R8 to R14) and supervisor (private copies of R13 and R14). The ALU includes a 32-bit barrel-shifter allowing, e.g., a single-cycle shift and add.
The first ARM processor, the ARM1 was a prototype which was never released. The ARM2 was originally called the Acorn RISC Machine. It was designed by Acorn Computers Ltd. and used in the original Archimedes, their successor to the BBC Micro and BBC Master series which were based on the eight-bit 6502 microprocessor. It was clocked at 8 MHz giving an average performance of 4 - 4.7 MIPS. Development of the ARM family was then continued by a new company, Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.
The ARM3 added a fully-associative on-chip cache and some support for multiprocessing. This was followed by the ARM600 chip which was an ARM6 processor core with a 4-kilobyte 64-way set-associative cache, an MMU based on the MEMC2 chip, a write buffer (8 words?) and a coprocessor interface.
The ARM7 processor core uses half the power of the ARM6 and takes around half the die size. In a full processor design (ARM700 chip) it should provide 50% to 100% more performance.
In July 1994 VLSI Technology, Inc. released the ARM710 processor chip.
Thumb is an implementation with reduced code size requirements, intended for embedded applications.
An ARM800 chip is also planned.
AT&T, IBM, Panasonic, Apple Coputer, Matsushita and Sanyo either rely on, or manufacture, ARM 32-bit processor chips.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.sys.arm.
(1997-08-05)
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<company> (ARM) A company formed in 1990 by Acorn Computers Ltd., Apple Computer, Inc. and VLSI Technology to market and develop the Advanced RISC Machine microprocessor family, originally designed by Acorn.
ARM Ltd. also designs and licenses peripheral chips and supplies supporting software and hardware tools. In April 1993, Nippon Investment and Finance, a Daiwa Securities company, became ARM's fourth investor. In May 1994 Samsung became the sixth large company to have a licence to use the ARM processor core.
The success of ARM Ltd. and the strategy to widen the availability of RISC technology has resulted in its chips now being used in a range of products including the Apple Newton. As measured by an independent authority, more ARM processors were shipped than SPARC chips in 1993. ARM has also sold three times more chips than the PowerPC consortium.
http://systemv.com/armltd/index.html.
E-mail: armltd.co.uk.
Address: Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. Fulbourn Road, Cherry Hinton, Cambridge CB1 4JN, UK.
Telephone: +44 (1223) 400 400. Fax: +44 (1223) 400 410.
(1994-11-03)
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<storage, programming> (ASPI) A set of libraries designed to provide programs running under Microsoft Windows with a consistent interface for accessing SCSI devices. ASPI has become a de facto standard.
The ASPI layer is a collection of programs (DLLs) that together implement the ASPI interface. Many problems are caused by device manufacturers packaging incomplete sets of these DLLs with their hardware, often with incorrect date stamps, causing newer versions to get replaced with old. ASPICHK from Adaptec will check the ASPI components installed on a computer.
The latest ASPI layer as of March 1999 is 1014.
The ATAPI standard for IDE devices makes them look to the system like SCSI devices and allows them to work through ASPI.
http://resource.simplenet.com/primer/aspi.htm.
(1999-03-30)
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<programming> (ASE) An object-oriented application support system from Nixdorf.
(1995-09-12)
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<tool, electronics> (ASTAP) A program for analysing electronic circuits and other networks.
["Advanced Statistical Analysis Program (ASTAP) Program Reference Manual", SH-20-1118, IBM, 1973].
(2000-01-27)
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<storage, hardware, standard> (ATA, AT Attachment or "Integrated Drive Electronics", IDE) A disk drive interface standard based on the IBM PC ISA 16-bit bus but also used on other personal computers. ATA specifies the power and data signal interfaces between the motherboard and the integrated disk controller and drive. The ATA "bus" only supports two devices - master and slave.
ATA drives may in fact use any physical interface the manufacturer desires, so long as an embedded translator is included with the proper ATA interface. ATA "controllers" are actually direct connections to the ISA bus.
Originally called IDE, the ATA interface was invented by Compaq around 1986, and was developed with the help of Western Digital, Imprimis, and then-upstart Conner Peripherals. Efforts to standardise the interface started in 1988; the first draft appeared in March 1989, and a finished version was sent to ANSI group X3T10 (who named it "Advanced Technology Attachment" (ATA)) for ratification in November 1990.
X3T10 later extended ATA to Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions (ATA-2), followed by ATA-3 and ATA-4.
(1998-10-08)
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<storage, standard> (ATA-2, Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics, EIDE) A proposed (May 1996 or earlier?) standard from X3T10 (document 948D rev 3) which extends the Advanced Technology Attachment interface while maintaining compatibility with current IBM PC BIOS designs.
ATA-2 provides for faster data rates, 32-bit transactions and (in some drives) DMA. Optional support for power saving modes and removable devices is also in the standard.
ATA-2 was developed by Western Digital as "Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics" (EIDE) around 1994. Marketroids call it "Fast ATA" or "Fast ATA-2".
ATA-2 was followed by ATA-3 and ATA-4 ("Ultra DMA").
(2000-10-07)
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<multimedia, music, hardware> (AWE) The kind of synthesis used by the EMU 8000 music synthesizer integrated circuit found on the SB AWE32 card.
(1996-12-15)
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<language, software> A CASE tool for rapid application development which generates code from graphical business process models. Formerly called Information Engineering Facility (IEF) and produced by Texas Instruments, it was then bought by Sterling Software, Inc. who renamed it to COOL:Gen to fit into their COOL line of products. Computer Associates International, Inc. then acquired Sterling Software, Inc., and renamed the tool "Advantage Gen".
In 2003, CA are supporting Advantage Gen and adding support for J2EE/EJB, enhanced web enablement, Web services, and .Net.
Latest version: 6.5, as of 2003-04-14.
http://www3.ca.com/Solutions/Product.asp?ID=256.
(2003-06-23)
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<games> /ad'vent/ The prototypical computer adventure game, first implemented by Will Crowther for a CDC computer (probably the CDC 6600?) as an attempt at computer-refereed fantasy gaming.
ADVENT was ported to the PDP-10, and expanded to the 350-point Classic puzzle-oriented version, by Don Woods of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). The game is now better known as Adventure, but the TOPS-10 operating system permitted only six-letter filenames. All the versions since are based on the SAIL port.
David Long of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Computing Facility (which had two of the four DEC20s on campus in the late 1970s and early 1980s) was responsible for expanding the cave in a number of ways, and pushing the point count up to 500, then 501 points. Most of his work was in the data files, but he made some changes to the parser as well.
This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style now expected in text adventure games, and popularised several tag lines that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: "A huge green fierce snake bars the way!" "I see no X here" (for some noun X). "You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike." "You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different." The "magic words" xyzzy and plugh also derive from this game.
Crowther, by the way, participated in the exploration of the Mammoth & Flint Ridge cave system; it actually *has* a "Colossal Cave" and a "Bedquilt" as in the game, and the "Y2" that also turns up is cavers' jargon for a map reference to a secondary entrance.
See also vadding.
[Was the original written in Fortran?]
(1996-04-01)
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<language, games> (ADL) An adventure game language interpreter designed by Ross Cunniff <cunniff@fc.hp.com> and Tim Brengle in 1987. ADL is semi-object-oriented with Lisp-like syntax and is a superset of DDL. It is available for Unix, MS-DOS, Amiga and Acorn Archimedes.
ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.games/volume2, ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/fish/fish/f0/ff091.
(1995-03-20)
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<language, games> An adventure game language designed by David Betz in 1986. ADVSYS is object-oriented and Lisp-like.
ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.games/volume2.
(1995-03-20)
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<software> Any kind of software which is distributed free of charge along with advertisements that are either placed on the web site from which the software is distributed or displayed by the program while it is running.
Nagware might be considered a special case of adware where the program tries to persuade the user to buy a license for the program itself.
(2007-11-20)
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<networking> The country code for the United Arab Emirates.
(1999-01-27)
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<operating system> A Unix variant that was used on Apollo workstations before Apollo was bought by Hewlett Packard. AEGIS has some advantages over standard BSD or System V Unix. It includes faster file access and a richer command set; there are commands to find out which process is running on a particular node, which process is locking a particular file, etc.
(1997-02-25)
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<programming, tool> A CASE tool for project change management written by Peter Miller, with minor contributions by a few others. Aegis is licensed using the GNU GPL but is not a GNU project.
(2005-03-24)
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<language> A concurrent language with atomic transactions.
["Rationale for the Design of Aeolus", C. Wilkes et al, Proc IEEE 1986 Intl Conf Comp Lang, IEEE 1986, pp.107-122].
(1995-03-27)
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Application Environment Profile
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<convention> "Complexity increases the possibility of failure; a twin-engine aeroplane has twice as many engine problems as a single-engine aeroplane."
By analogy, in both software and electronics, the implication is that simplicity increases robustness and that the right way to build reliable systems is to put all your eggs in one basket, after making sure that you've built a really *good* basket.
While simplicity is a useful design goal, and twin-engine aeroplanes do have twice as many engine problems, the analogy is almost entirely bogus. Commercial passenger aircraft are required to have at least two engines (on different wings or nacelles) so that the aeroplane can land safely if one engine fails. As Albert Einstein said, "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler".
See also KISS Principle.
(1999-03-22)
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1. <programming> Application environment specification.
2. <security> Advanced Encryption Standard.
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An Evolutionary System for On-line Programming
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<networking> The country code for Afghanistan.
(1999-01-27)
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<language> An early system on the IBM 704.
[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1995-04-04)
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<chat> as far as I know.
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<mathematics> A linear transformation followed by a translation. Given a matrix M and a vector v,
A(x) = Mx + vis a typical affine transformation.
(1995-04-10)
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<graphics> A visual clue to the function of an object.
(1998-10-15)
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American Federation of Information Processing Societies
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<chat> away from keyboard.
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<tool> A Lex-like scanner generator that produce Ada output from IRUS (Irvine Research Unit in Software). aflex comes with ayacc.
Version 1.2a.
Mailing list: <irus-software-request@ics.uci.edu>.
ftp://liege.ics.uci.edu/pub/irus/aflex-ayacc_1.2a.tar.Z.
(1993-01-06)
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<body, standard> Association Francaise pour la Normalisation.
The French national standards institute, a member of ISO.
(1994-12-14)
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1. <protocol> Appletalk Filing Protocol.
2. <printer, language> Advanced Function Presentation.
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Association Française des Utilisateurs d'Unix
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<networking> The country code for Antigua and Barbuda.
(1999-01-27)
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<networking> In the client-server model, the part of the system that performs information preparation and exchange on behalf of a client or server. Especially in the phrase "intelligent agent" it implies some kind of automatic process which can communicate with other agents to perform some collective task on behalf of one or more humans.
(1995-04-09)
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<programming> A data type composed of multiple elements. An aggregate can be homogeneous (all elements have the same type) e.g. an array, a list in a functional language, a string of characters, a file; or it can be heterogeneous (elements can have different types) e.g. a structure. In most languages aggregates can contain elements which are themselves aggregates. e.g. a list of lists.
See also union.
(1996-03-23)
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<programming> A composition technique for building a new object from one or more existing objects that support some or all of the new object's required interfaces.
(1996-01-07)
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<networking> A program for watching for new content at user-specified RSS feeds.
An example is BottomFeeder.
(2003-09-29)
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<programming> (Atelier de Genie Logiciel) French for IPSE.
(1997-01-07)
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<artificial intelligence> (After the initials of the authors who established the field - Alchourron, Makinson and Gardenfors). A method of belief revision giving minimal properties a revision process should have.
[Reference?]
(1995-03-20)
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<person> (1878-1929) A Danish mathematician. Erlang the language and unit were named after him.
Interested in the theory of probability, in 1908 Erlang joined the Copenhagen Telephone Company where he studied the problem of waiting times for telephone calls.
He worked out how to calculate the fraction of callers who must wait due to all the lines of an exchange being in use. His formula for loss and waiting time was published in 1917. It is now known as the "Erlang formula" and is still in use today.
(2005-02-26)
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<language> A distributed object-oriented language.
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<language> (AHPL) A register-level language by Hill and Peterson, some of whose operators resemble APL.
HPSIM2 is a function-level simulator, available from Engrg Expt Sta, University of Arizona.
["Digital Systems: Hardware Organization and Design", F. Hill et al, Wiley 1987].
(1995-01-26)
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Analog Hardware Design Language
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A Hardware Programming Language
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<networking> The country code for Anguilla.
(1999-01-27)
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Application Integration Architecture
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<artificial intelligence, jargon> /A-I k*m-pleet'/ (MIT, Stanford: by analogy with "NP-complete") A term used to describe problems or subproblems in artificial intelligence, to indicate that the solution presupposes a solution to the "strong AI problem" (that is, the synthesis of a human-level intelligence). A problem that is AI-complete is, in other words, just too hard.
See also gedanken.
(1995-04-12)
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Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue
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<language> 1. A functional dialect of Dictionary APL by M. Gfeller.
["APL Arrays and Their Editor", M. Gfeller, SIGPLAN Notices 21(6):18-27 (June 1986) and SIGAPL Conf Proc].
2. An intermediate representation language for Ada developed at the University of Karlsruhe in 1980. AIDA was merged with TCOL.Ada to form Diana.
["AIDA Introduction and User Manual", M. Dausmann et al, U Karlsruhe, Inst fur Inform II, TR Nr 38/80].
["AIDA Reference Manual", ibid, TR Nr 39/80, Nov 1980].
(1995-04-12)
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<jargon> /aydz/ A* Infected Disk Syndrome ("A*" is a glob pattern that matches, but is not limited to, Apple Computer), this condition is quite often the result of practicing unsafe SEX.
See virus, worm, Trojan horse, virgin.
(1995-04-13)
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<abuse, operating system> /aydkz/ A derogatory term for IBM's perverted version of Unix, AIX, especially for the AIX 3.? used in the IBM RS/6000 series (some hackers think it is funnier just to pronounce "AIX" as "aches"). A victim of the dreaded "hybridism" disease, this attempt to combine the two main currents of the Unix stream (BSD and USG Unix) became a monstrosity to haunt system administrators' dreams. For example, if new accounts are created while many users are logged on, the load average jumps quickly over 20 due to silly implementation of the user databases.
For a quite similar disease, compare HP-SUX. Also, compare Macintrash Nominal Semidestructor, Open DeathTrap, ScumOS, sun-stools.
(1995-04-13)
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<company> One of distributors of Prolog++, subsumed by Customer Engagement Company before December 1998.
(1998-12-13)
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<data> An alternative form of the Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) system for encoding numbers. Where BCD encodes each decimal digit in normal binary, Aiken code uses the encoding shown below. This is supposed to be less prone to corruption.
The following table shows the encoding of each decimal digit, D, in BCD and Aiken code:
D BCD Aiken 0 0000 0000 1 0001 0001 2 0010 0010 3 0011 0011 4 0100 0100 5 0101 1011 (inverted 4) 6 0110 1100 (inverted 3) 7 0111 1101 (inverted 2) 8 1000 1110 (inverted 1) 9 1001 1111 (inverted 0)The Aiken code was probably designed by Howard Aiken in the 1940s or 1950s for use in data transmission.
Compare: Gray code.
[What is it good for and why?]
(2007-07-16)
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<humour> /A-I koh'an/ One of a series of pastiches of Zen teaching riddles created by Danny Hillis at the MIT AI Lab around various major figures of the Lab's culture.
See also ha ha only serious, mu.
In reading these, it is at least useful to know that Marvin Minsky, Gerald Sussman, and Drescher are AI researchers of note, that Tom Knight was one of the Lisp machine's principal designers, and that David Moon wrote much of Lisp Machine Lisp.
* * *A novice was trying to fix a broken Lisp machine by turning the power off and on.
Knight, seeing what the student was doing, spoke sternly: "You cannot fix a machine by just power-cycling it with no understanding of what is going wrong."
Knight turned the machine off and on.
The machine worked.
* * *One day a student came to Moon and said: "I understand how to make a better garbage collector. We must keep a reference count of the pointers to each cons."
Moon patiently told the student the following story:
"One day a student came to Moon and said: `I understand
how to make a better garbage collector...
[Pure reference-count garbage collectors have problems with
circular structures that point to themselves.]
* * *In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6.
"What are you doing?", asked Minsky.
"I am training a randomly wired neural net to play Tic-Tac-Toe", Sussman replied.
"Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky.
"I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play", Sussman said.
Minsky then shut his eyes.
"Why do you close your eyes?", Sussman asked his teacher.
"So that the room will be empty."
At that moment, Sussman was enlightened.
* * *A disciple of another sect once came to Drescher as he was eating his morning meal.
"I would like to give you this personality test", said the outsider, "because I want you to be happy."
Drescher took the paper that was offered him and put it into the toaster, saying: "I wish the toaster to be happy, too."
(1995-02-08)
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<networking, company> An Internet access provider for individuals and corporations. They provide dial-up, SLIP, PPP and shell accounts as well as ISDN.
Address: Cupertino, CA 95014, USA.
Telephone: +1 (408) 253 0900
(1995-02-08)
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<standard> A future infrared standard from IrDA. AIR will provide in-room multipoint to multipoint connectivity. AIR supports a data rate of 4 Mbps at a distance of 4 metres, and 250 Kbps at up to 8 metres. It is designed for cordless connections to multiple peripherals and meeting room collaboration applications.
See also IrDA Data and IrDA Control
(1999-10-14)
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<language> (AIMACO) A modification of FLOW-MATIC. AIMACO was supplanted by COBOL.
[Sammet 1969, p. 378].
(1995-02-20)
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Advanced Interactive eXecutive
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<programming> (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) A collection of techniques for creating interactive web applications without having to reload the complete web page in response to each user input, thus making the interaction faster. AJAX typically uses the XMLHttpRequest browser object to exchange data asynchronously with the web server. Alternatively, an IFrame object or dynamically added <script> tags may be used instead of XMLHttpRequest.
Despite the name, Ajax can combine any browser scripting language (not just JavaScript) and any data representation (not just XML). Alternative data formats include HTML, plain text or JSON.
Several Ajax frameworks are now available to simplify Ajax development.
(2007-10-04)
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2. artificial life.
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<networking> The country code for Albania.
(1999-01-27)
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<company> A small, privately owned, US software consulting and development company, founded in 1986, best known as the original developer of Ghostscript.
Address: San Francisco Peninsula, California, USA.
Not to be confused with Aladdin Systems, Inc..
(2003-09-24)
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<company> The company that developed and distributes Stuffit and other utility software for the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Palm handheld computers.
Not to be confused with Aladdin Enterprises.
(2003-09-20)
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1. <language> A Language for Attributed Definitions.
2. <tool> An interactive mathematics system for the IBM 360.
["A Conversational System for Engineering Assistance: ALADIN", Y. Siret, Proc Second Symp Symb Algebraic Math, ACM Mar 1971].
(1995-04-13)
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<language> A language for symbolic mathematics, especially General Relativity.
See also CLAM.
["ALAM Programmer's Manual", Ray D'Inverno, 1970].
(1994-10-28)
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<person> The man who founded Shugart Associates and later co-founded Seagate Technology. Alan Shugart left Shugart Associates in 1974 [did he quit or was he fired?] and took a break from the disk-drive business. In 1979, he and Finis Conner founded a new company that at first was called Shugart Technology and later Seagate Technology.
(2000-02-09)
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<language> An early ALGOL-like surface syntax for Lisp.
["An Auxiliary Language for More Natural Expression--The A-language", W. Henneman in The Programming Language LISP, E.C. Berkeley et al eds, MIT Press 1964, pp.239- 248].
(1994-10-28)
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<language> (ALEPH) A language developed in about 1975.
["On the Design of ALEPH", D. Grune, CWI, Netherlands 1986].
(1997-02-27)
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<language> (ALADIN) A language for formal specification of attributed grammars. ALADIN is the input language for the GAG compiler generator. It is applicative and strongly typed.
["GAG: A Practical Compiler Generator", Uwe Kastens <uwe@uni-paderborn.de> et al, LNCS 141, Springer 1982].
(1995-04-14)
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<language> (ALEC) A language Implemented using RCC on an ICL 1906A.
["ALEC - A User Extensible Scientific Programming Language", R.B.E. Napper et al, Computer J 19(1):25-31].
(1995-04-19)
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<person> The leader of the Software Concepts Group at Xerox Palo Alto Research Centre which developed Smalltalk, the pioneering object-oriented programming system, in 1972.
(1994-11-24)
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<person> Alan M. Turing, 1912-06-22/3? - 1954-06-07. A British mathematician, inventor of the Turing Machine. Turing also proposed the Turing test. Turing's work was fundamental in the theoretical foundations of computer science.
Turing was a student and fellow of King's College Cambridge and was a graduate student at Princeton University from 1936 to 1938. While at Princeton Turing published "On Computable Numbers", a paper in which he conceived an abstract machine, now called a Turing Machine.
Turing returned to England in 1938 and during World War II, he worked in the British Foreign Office. He masterminded operations at Bletchley Park, UK which were highly successful in cracking the Nazis "Enigma" codes during World War II. Some of his early advances in computer design were inspired by the need to perform many repetitive symbolic manipulations quickly. Before the building of the Colossus computer this work was done by a roomful of women.
In 1945 he joined the National Physical Laboratory in London and worked on the design and construction of a large computer, named Automatic Computing Engine (ACE). In 1949 Turing became deputy director of the Computing Laboratory at Manchester where the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine, the worlds largest memory computer, was being built.
He also worked on theories of artificial intelligence, and on the application of mathematical theory to biological forms. In 1952 he published the first part of his theoretical study of morphogenesis, the development of pattern and form in living organisms.
Turing was gay, and died rather young under mysterious circumstances. He was arrested for violation of British homosexuality statutes in 1952. He died of potassium cyanide poisoning while conducting electrolysis experiments. An inquest concluded that it was self-administered but it is now thought by some to have been an accident.
There is an excellent biography of Turing by Andrew Hodges, subtitled "The Enigma of Intelligence" and a play based on it called "Breaking the Code". There was also a popular summary of his work in Douglas Hofstadter's book "Gödel, Escher, Bach".
(2001-10-09)
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<standard> The ITU-T standard for nonuniform quantising logarithmic compression.
The equation for A-law is
| A
| ------- (m/mp) |m/mp| =< 1/A
| 1+ln A
y = |
| sgn(m)
| ------ (1 + ln A|m/mp|) 1/A =< |m/mp| =< 1
| 1+ln A
Values of u=100 and 255, A=87.6, mp is the Peak message value,
m is the current quantised message value. (The formulae get
simpler if you substitute x for m/mp and sgn(x) for sgn(m);
then -1 <= x <= 1.)
Converting from u-LAW to A-LAW introduces quantising errors. u-law is used in North America and Japan, and A-law is used in Europe and the rest of the world and international routes.
[The Audio File Formats FAQ]
(1995-02-21)
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1. Assembly Language Compiler.
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<language> An object-oriented extension of ML with run-time overloading and a type-based notion of modules, functors and inheritance. It is built on CAML Light.
ftp://ftp.inria.fr/lang/alcool.
E-mail: <Francois.Rouaix@inria.fr>.
(1995-04-18)
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[Sammet 1969, p. 180].
(1995-04-18)
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<language> A database language, based on extended algebra.
[Listed by M.P. Atkinson & J.W. Schmidt in a tutorial in Zurich, 1989].
(1995-04-19)
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Applicative Language for Digital Signal Processing
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A Language with an Extensible Compiler
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<language> A programming language from Bell Labs. ALEF boasts few new ideas but is instead a careful synthesis of ideas from other languages. The result is a practical general purpose programming language which was once displacing C as their main implementation language. Both shared variables and message passing are supported through language constructs.
A window system, user interface, operating system network code, news reader, mailer and variety of other tools in Plan 9 are now implemented using ALEF.
(1997-02-13)
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1. <language> A Language Encouraging Program Hierarchy.
2. <tool> A system for formal semantics written by Peter Henderson ca. 1970.
[CACM 15(11):967-973 (Nov 1972)].
(1994-12-15)
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<text, language> ["Aleph: A language for typesetting", Luigi Semenzato <luigi@cs.berkeley.edu> and Edward Wang <edward@cs.berkeley.edu> in Proceedings of Electronic Publishing, 1992 Ed. Vanoirbeek & Coray Cambridge University Press 1992].
(1994-12-15)
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<mathematics> The cardinality of the first infinite ordinal, omega (the number of natural numbers).
Aleph 1 is the cardinality of the smallest ordinal whose cardinality is greater than aleph 0, and so on up to aleph omega and beyond. These are all kinds of infinity.
The Axiom of Choice (AC) implies that every set can be well-ordered, so every infinite cardinality is an aleph; but in the absence of AC there may be sets that can't be well-ordered (don't posses a bijection with any ordinal) and therefore have cardinality which is not an aleph.
These sets don't in some way sit between two alephs; they just float around in an annoying way, and can't be compared to the alephs at all. No ordinal possesses a surjection onto such a set, but it doesn't surject onto any sufficiently large ordinal either.
(1995-03-29)
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<operating system> /*'l*rt/ An audible and/or visual message intended to inform a system's users or administrators about a change in the operating conditions of that system or about some kind of error condition. In a graphical user interface, an alert would typically be displayed as a small window containing the message and a button to click to dismiss the window.
(1999-03-29)
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<language> 1. A polymorphic language being developed by Stephen Crawley <sxc@itd.dtso.oz.au> of Defence Science & Tech Org, Australia. Alex has abstract data types, type inference and inheritance.
2. <language> An ISWIM-like language with exception handling.
["An Exception Handling Construct for Functional Languages", M. Brez et al, in Proc ESOP88, LNCS 300, Springer 1988].
3. <tool> A scanner generator. Alexis is its input language.
["Alex: A Simple and Efficient Scanner Generator", H. Mossenbock, SIGPLAN Notices 21(5), May 1986].
(1994-12-15)
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<language> Alex Input Specification.
The input language for the scanner generator Alex.
(1995-04-23)
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Algebraic Logic Functional language
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<language> A lazy function language. A weakly typed, lazy functional language developed by Paul Hudak <hudak-paul@cs.yale.edu> of Yale in 1983. Alfl is implemented as a Scheme preprocessor for the Orbit compiler, by transforming laziness into force-and-delay.
["Alfl Reference Manual and Programmer's Guide", P. Hudak, YALEU/DCS/RR322, Yale U, Oct 1984].
See also ParAlfl.
(1995-04-24)
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<mathematics, logic> 1. A loose term for an algebraic structure.
2. A vector space that is also a ring, where the vector space and the ring share the same addition operation and are related in certain other ways.
An example algebra is the set of 2x2 matrices with real numbers as entries, with the usual operations of addition and matrix multiplication, and the usual scalar multiplication. Another example is the set of all polynomials with real coefficients, with the usual operations.
In more detail, we have:
(1) an underlying set,
(3) an operation of scalar multiplication, whose input is a scalar and a member of the underlying set and whose output is a member of the underlying set, just as in a vector space,
(4) an operation of addition of members of the underlying set, whose input is an ordered pair of such members and whose output is one such member, just as in a vector space or a ring,
(5) an operation of multiplication of members of the underlying set, whose input is an ordered pair of such members and whose output is one such member, just as in a ring.
This whole thing constitutes an `algebra' iff:
(1) it is a vector space if you discard item (5) and
(2) it is a ring if you discard (2) and (3) and
(3) for any scalar r and any two members A, B of the underlying set we have r(AB) = (rA)B = A(rB). In other words it doesn't matter whether you multiply members of the algebra first and then multiply by the scalar, or multiply one of them by the scalar first and then multiply the two members of the algebra. Note that the A comes before the B because the multiplication is in some cases not commutative, e.g. the matrix example.
Another example (an example of a Banach algebra) is the set of all bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space, with the usual norm. The multiplication is the operation of composition of operators, and the addition and scalar multiplication are just what you would expect.
Two other examples are tensor algebras and Clifford algebras.
[I. N. Herstein, "Topics in Algebra"].
(1999-07-14)
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<language> An early system on MIT's Whirlwind.
[CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1995-01-24)
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<theory> In domain theory, a complete partial order is algebraic if every element is the least upper bound of some chain of compact elements. If the set of compact elements is countable it is called omega-algebraic.
[Significance?]
(1995-04-25)
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<language> (ACT 1) A language and compiler for the Royal McBee LGP-30, designed around 1959, apparently by Clay S. Boswell, Jr, and programmed by Mel Kaye.
http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/lgp-30-man.html
(2008-08-04)
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<programming> (Or "sum of products type") In functional programming, new types can be defined, each of which has one or more constructors. Such a type is known as an algebraic data type. E.g. in Haskell we can define a new type, "Tree":
data Tree = Empty | Leaf Int | Node Tree Treewith constructors "Empty", "Leaf" and "Node". The constructors can be used much like functions in that they can be (partially) applied to arguments of the appropriate type. For example, the Leaf constructor has the functional type Int -> Tree.
A constructor application cannot be reduced (evaluated) like a function application though since it is already in normal form. Functions which operate on algebraic data types can be defined using pattern matching:
depth :: Tree -> Int depth Empty = 0 depth (Leaf n) = 1 depth (Node l r) = 1 + max (depth l) (depth r)The most common algebraic data type is the list which has constructors Nil and Cons, written in Haskell using the special syntax "[]" for Nil and infix ":" for Cons.
Special cases of algebraic types are product types (only one constructor) and enumeration types (many constructors with no arguments). Algebraic types are one kind of constructed type (i.e. a type formed by combining other types).
An algebraic data type may also be an abstract data type (ADT) if it is exported from a module without its constructors. Objects of such a type can only be manipulated using functions defined in the same module as the type itself.
In set theory the equivalent of an algebraic data type is a discriminated union - a set whose elements consist of a tag (equivalent to a constructor) and an object of a type corresponding to the tag (equivalent to the constructor arguments).
(1994-11-23)
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<language> (AID) A version of Joss II for the PDP-10.
["AID (Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue)", DEC manual, 1968].
(1995-04-12)
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<language> (ALF) A language by Rudolf Opalla <opalla@julien.informatik.uni-dortmund.de> which combines functional programming and logic programming techniques.
ALF is based on Horn clause logic with equality which consists of predicates and Horn clauses for logic programming, and functions and equations for functional programming. Any functional expression can be used in a goal literal and arbitrary predicates can occur in conditions of equations. ALF uses narrowing and rewriting.
ALF includes a compiler to Warren Abstract Machine code and run-time support.
ftp://ftp.germany.eu.net/pub/programming/languages/LogicFunctional.
["The Implementation of the Functional-Logic Language ALF", M. Hanus and A. Schwab].
(1992-10-08)
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<mathematics, tool> (AMP) A symbolic mathematics program written in Modula-2, seen on CompuServe.
(1994-10-19)
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1. <language> (ASL)
["Structured Algebraic Specifications: A Kernel Language", M. Wirsing, Theor Comput Sci 42, pp.123-249, Elsevier 1986].
2. <language> (ASF) A language for equational specification of abstract data types.
["Algebraic Specification", J.A. Bergstra et al, A-W 1989].
(1995-12-13)
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<mathematics> Any formal mathematical system consisting of a set of objects and operations on those objects. Examples are Boolean algebra, numerical algebra, set algebra and matrix algebra.
[Is this the most common name for this concept?]
(1997-02-25)
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<theory> (ACP)
Compare CCS.
["Algebra of Communicating Processes with Abstraction", J.A. Bergstra & J.W. Klop, Theor Comp Sci 37(1):77-121 1985].
[Summary?]
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An early version of ALGOL 60, originally known as "IAL".
Michigan Algorithm Decoder (MAD), developed in 1959, was based on IAL.
["Preliminary report - International Algebraic Language", CACM 1(12):8, 1958].
[Details? Relationship to ALGOL 60?]
(1999-12-10)
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<language> ALGOrithmic Language 1960.
A portable language for scientific computations. ALGOL 60 was small and elegant. It was block-structured, nested, recursive and free form. It was also the first language to be described in BNF.
There were three lexical representations: hardware, reference, and publication. The only structured data types were arrays, but they were permitted to have lower bounds and could be dynamic. It also had conditional expressions; it introduced :=; if-then-else; very general "for" loops; switch declaration (an array of statement labels generalising Fortran's computed goto). Parameters were call-by-name and call-by-value. It had static local "own" variables. It lacked user-defined types, character manipulation and standard I/O.
See also EULER, ALGOL 58, ALGOL 68, Foogol.
["Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60", Peter Naur ed., CACM 3(5):299-314, May 1960].
(1995-01-25)
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<language>
["A Supplement to the ALGOL 60 Revised Report", R.M. DeMorgan et al, Computer J 19(4):364].
[SIGPLAN Notices 12(1) 1977].
An erratum in [Computer J 21(3):282 (Aug 1978)] applies to both.
(1995-01-25)
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<language> (Or "Revised ALGOL 60") A revision of Algol 60 which still lacked standard I/O.
["Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60", Peter Naur ed, CACM 6(1):1-17 (Jan 1963)].
[Sammet 1969, p.773].
(1995-01-25)
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<language> An extensive revision of ALGOL 60 by Adriaan van Wijngaarden et al. ALGOL 68 was discussed from 1963 by Working Group 2.1 of IFIP. Its definition was accepted in December 1968.
ALGOL 68 was the first, and still one of very few, programming languages for which a complete formal specification was created before its implementation. However, this specification was hard to understand due to its formality, the fact that it used an unfamiliar metasyntax notation (not BNF) and its unconventional terminology.
One of the singular features of ALGOL 68 was its orthogonal design, making for freedom from arbitrary rules (such as restrictions in other languages that arrays could only be used as parameters but not as results). It also allowed user defined data types, then an unheard-of feature.
It featured structural equivalence; automatic type conversion ("coercion") including dereferencing; flexible arrays; generalised loops (for-from-by-to-while-do-od), if-then-else-elif-fi, an integer case statement with an 'out' clause (case-in-out-esac); skip and goto statements; blocks; procedures; user-defined operators; procedure parameters; concurrent execution (par-begin-end); semaphores; generators "heap" and "loc" for dynamic allocation. It had no abstract data types or separate compilation.
http://www.bookrags.com/research/algol-68-wcs/.
(2007-04-24)
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<language> A variant of ALGOL 68 developed by S. Bourne and Mike Guy of Cambridge University in 1975 and used as the implementation language for the CHAOS OS for the CAP capability computer. ALGOL 68C was ported to the IBM 360, VAX/VMS and several other platforms.
(1995-05-02)
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<language> A restriction of ALGOL 68 permitting one-pass compilation, developed at the Royal Signals Radar Establishment, Malvern, Worcester, UK in April 1970.
Identifiers, modes and operators must be declared before use. There is no automatic proceduring and no concurrency. It was implemented in ALGOL 60 under GEORGE 3 on an ICL 1907F.
["ALGOL 68-R, Its Implementation and Use", I.F. Currie et al, Proc IFIP Congress 1971, N-H 1971, pp. 360-363].
(1995-05-03)
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<language> A significant simplification of ALGOL 68.
["Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68," A. Van Wijngaarden et al, Acta Informatica 5:1-236, 1975, also Springer 1976, and SIGPLAN Notices 12(5):1-70, May 1977].
(1995-05-03)
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<language> An extension of ALGOL 68 supporting function closures by the Royal Signals Radar Establishment, Malvern UK. It has been ported to Multics and VAX/VMS.
(1995-05-04)
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<language> A subset of ALGOL 68 allowing simpler compilation, intended mainly for numerical computation. It was rewritten in BLISS for the PDP-11, and later in Pascal. It is available as shareware from Charles Lindsey <chl@cs.man.ac.uk>.
Version 2.3 runs on Sun-3 under SunOS 4.x and Atari under GEMDOS (or potentially other computers supported by the Amsterdam Compiler Kit).
["A Sublanguage of ALGOL 68", P.G. Hibbard, SIGPLAN Notices 12(5), May 1977].
(1995-05-04)
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<language> A variant of ALGOL 60 developed by Clive Feather of Cambridge University ca. 1981. ALGOL C added structures and exception handling. It was designed for beginners and students.
(1994-11-24)
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<language>
["A Proposal for Definitions in ALGOL", B.A. Galler et al, CACM 10:204-219, 1967].
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<language> A successor to ALGOL 60 proposed by Yoneda.
(1994-11-24)
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<language> A derivative of ALGOL 60. It introduced double precision, complex numbers, bit strings and dynamic data structures. It is parsed entirely by operator precedence and used the call-by-value-result calling convention.
["A Contribution to the Development of Algol", N. Wirth, CACM 9(6):413-431, June 1966].
["ALGOL W Implementation", H. Bauer et al, TR CS98, Stanford U, 1968].
(1994-11-24)
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<language> A proposed successor to ALGOL 60, a "short-term solution to existing difficulties". Three designs were proposed, by Wirth, Seegmuller and van Wijngaarden.
[Sammet 1969, p. 194].
(1995-05-07)
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<language> A proposed successor to ALGOL 60, a "radical reconstruction". Originally a language that could manipulate its own programs at run time, it became a collection of features that were not accepted for ALGOL X.
(1995-05-09)
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<spelling> It's spelled "algorithm".
(1997-02-25)
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<algorithm, programming> A detailed sequence of actions to perform to accomplish some task. Named after the Iranian, Islamic mathematician, astronomer, astrologer and geographer, Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi.
Technically, an algorithm must reach a result after a finite number of steps, thus ruling out brute force search methods for certain problems, though some might claim that brute force search was also a valid (generic) algorithm. The term is also used loosely for any sequence of actions (which may or may not terminate).
Paul E. Black's Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures, and Problems.
(2002-02-05)
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<language> (ALDES) ["The Algorithm Description Language ALDES", R.G.K. Loos, SIGSAM Bull 14(1):15-39 (Jan 1976)].
(1995-04-19)
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<language> (ALIAS) A machine oriented variant of BLISS. ALIAS was implemented in BCPL for the PDP-9.
["ALIAS", H.E. Barreveld, Int Rep, Math Dept, Delft U Tech, Netherlands, 1973].
(1997-03-13)
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<programming> A method of estimating software cost using mathematical algorithms based on the parameters which are considered to be the major cost drivers. These estimate of effort or cost are based primarily on the size of the software or Delivered Source Instructions (DSI)s, and other productivity factors known as Cost Driver Attributes.
See also Parametric Model.
(1996-05-28)
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<language> (APDL) An ALGOL 60-like language for describing computer design, for the CDC G-21.
["The Description, Simulation, and Automatic Implementation of Digital Computer Processors", J.A. Darringer, Ph.D Thesis EE Dept, CMU May 1969].
(1995-11-26)
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<programming> A computational method for identifying test cases from data, logical relationships or other software requirements information.
(1996-05-10)
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<language> An early language for symbolic mathematics.
[Sammet 1969, p. 520].
(1995-04-12)
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1. <operating system> A name, usually short and easy to remember and type, that is translated into another name or string, usually long and difficult to remember or type. Most command interpreters (e.g. Unix's csh) allow the user to define aliases for commands, e.g. "alias l ls -al". These are loaded into memory when the interpreter starts and are expanded without needing to refer to any file.
2. <networking> One of several alternative hostnames with the same Internet address. E.g. in the Unix hosts database (/etc/hosts or NIS map) the first field on a line is the Internet address, the next is the official hostname (the "canonical name" or "CNAME"), and any others are aliases.
Hostname aliases often indicate that the host with that alias provides a particular network service such as archie, finger, FTP, or World-Wide Web. The assignment of services to computers can then be changed simply by moving an alias (e.g. www.doc.ic.ac.uk) from one Internet address to another, without the clients needing to be aware of the change.
3. <file system> The name used by Apple computer, Inc. for symbolic links when they added them to the System 7 operating system in 1991.
(1997-10-22)
4. <programming> Two names (identifiers), usually of local or global variables, that refer to the same resource (memory location) are said to be aliased. Although names introduced in programming languages are typically mapped to different memory locations, aliasing can be introduced by the use of address arithmetic and pointers or language-specific features, like C++ references.
Statically deciding (e.g. via a program analysis executed by a sophisticated compiler) which locations of a program will be aliased at run time is an undecidable problem.
[G. Ramalingam: "The Undecidability of Aliasing", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems (TOPLAS), Volume 16, Issue 5, September 1994, Pages: 1467 - 1471, ISSN:0164-0925.]
(2004-09-12)
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1. <jargon> When several different identifiers refer to the same object. The term is very general and is used in many contexts.
See alias, aliasing bug, anti-aliasing.
2. <hardware> (Or "shadowing") Where a hardware device responds at multiple addresses because it only decodes a subset of the address lines, so different values on the other lines are ignored.
(1998-03-13)
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<computer, parallel> A parallel graph rewriting computer developed by Imperial College, University of Edinburgh and ICL.
(1995-01-19)
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<tool> An implementation of MACSYMA for the Macintosh by Fort Pond Research.
(1995-02-21)
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Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi
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<operating system> The code name for the major Mac OS release due in mid-1998.
http://devworld.apple.com/mkt/informed/appledirections/mar97/roadmap.html.
(1997-10-15)
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<jargon> Said of a TSR (terminate-and-stay-resident) mess-dos program, such as the N pop-up calendar and calculator utilities that circulate on BBS systems: unsociable. Used to describe a program that rudely steals the resources that it needs without considering that other TSRs may also be resident. One particularly common form of rudeness is lock-up due to programs fighting over the keyboard interrupt.
(1995-02-21)
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<tool> A complete set of CAD tools for teaching Digital CMOS VLSI Design in Universities. It includes a VHDL compiler and simulator, logic synthesis tools, and automatic place and route tools. ALLIANCE is the result of a ten years effort at University Pierre et Marie Curie (PARIS VI, France).
It runs on Sun-4, not well supported: MIPS/Ultrix, 386/SystemV.
Latest version: 1.1, as of 1993-02-16.
(1993-02-16)
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<programming> An annotation in GTk documentation indicating that the annotated entity may be null.
http://live.gnome.org/GObjectIntrospection/Annotations.
(2009-09-29)
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<language> A language by Thanasis Mitsolides <mitsolid@cs.nyu.edu> which combines functional programming, object-oriented programming and logic programming ideas, and is suitable for massively parallel systems.
Evaluating modes support serial or parallel execution, eager evaluation or lazy evaluation, nondeterminism or multiple solutions etc. ALLOY is simple as it only requires 29 primitives in all (half of which are for object oriented programming support).
It runs on SPARC.
ftp://cs.nyu.edu/pub/local/alloy/.
["The Design and Implementation of ALLOY, a Parallel Higher Level Programming Language", Thanasis Mitsolides <mitsolid@cs2.nyu.edu>, PhD Thesis NYU 1990].
(1991-06-11)
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1. <programming> application lifecycle management.
2. <language> Assembly Language for Multics.
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<networking> (From the Hawaiian greeting) A system of contention resolution devised at The University of Hawaii. Packets are broadcast when ready, the sender listens to see if they collide and if so re-transmits after a random time. Slotted Aloha constrains packets to start at the beginning of a time slot. Basic Aloha is appropriate to long propagation time nets (e.g. satellite). For shorter propagation times, carrier sense protocols are possible.
(1995-12-10)
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<networking> (From the Hawaiian greeting) One of the first functioning networks in the USA, conceived and implimented at the University of Hawaii campus at Manoa. Its purpose was to link the University mainframe computer to client computers located on outer islands at University campuses. Put in place in the early 1970s, it was dubed the Aloha Net. Key punch cards were fed through a reader, and sent over the commercial phone lines.
(1995-12-10)
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<person> A twentieth century mathematician and logician, and one of the founders of computer science. Church invented the lambda-calculus and posited a version of the Church-Turing thesis.
(1995-03-25)
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<language> A list processing extension of Mercury Autocode.
["ALP, An Autocode List-Processing Language", D.C. Cooper et al, Computer J 5:28-31, 1962].
(1995-01-24)
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<library> A subroutine package used by ALTRAN.
["The ALPAK System for Nonnumerical Algebra on a Digital Computer", W.S. Brown, Bell Sys Tech J 42:2081, 1963].
[Sammet 1969, p. 502].
(1995-05-10)
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<language> (Or "Input") An extension of ALGOL 60 for the M-20 computer developed by A.P. Ershov at Novosibirsk in 1961. ALPHA includes matrix operations, slices, and complex arithmetic.
["The Alpha Automatic Programming System", A.P. Ershov ed., A-P 1971].
(1995-05-10)
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1. <tool> A compiler generator written by Andreas Koschinsky <koschins@cs.tu-berlin.de> and described in his thesis at the Technische Universitaet Berlin. Alpha takes an attribute grammar and uses Bison and Flex to generate a parser, a scanner and an ASE evaluator (Jazayeri and Walter).
The documentation is in german.
(1993-02-16)
(1995-05-10)
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<processor> A 1 GIPS version of the DEC Alpha processor. The first commercially available sequential 1 GIPS processor. Announced 1994-09-7.
http://digital.com/info/semiconductor/dsc-21164.html.
(1995-05-10)
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<games, algorithm> An optimisation of the minimax algorithm for choosing the next move in a two-player game. The position after each move is assigned a value. The larger this value, the better the position is for me. Thus, I will choose moves with maximum value and you will choose moves with minimum value (for me).
If it is my move and I have already found one move M with value alpha then I am only interested in other moves with value greater than alpha. I now consider another of my possible moves, M', to which you could reply with a move with value beta. I know that you would only make a different reply if it had a value less than beta. If beta is already less than alpha then M' is definitely worth less than M so I can reject it without considering any other replies you might make.
The same reasoning applies when considering my replies to your reply. An alpha cutoff is when your reply gives a lower value than the current maximum (alpha) and a beta cutoff is when my reply to your reply gives a higher value than the current minimum value of your reply (beta).
In short, if you've found one possible move, you need not consider another move which your opponent can force to be worse than the first one.
(1997-05-05)
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<human language> A written human language in which symbols reflect the pronunciation of the words. Examples are English, Greek, Russian, Thai, Arabic and Hebrew. Alphabetic languages contrast with ideographic languages.
(2004-08-29)
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<theory> In lambda-calculus and reduction, the renaming of a formal parameter in a lambda abstraction. This does not change the meaning of the abstraction. For example:
\ x . x+1 <--> \ y . y+1If the actual argument to a lambda abstraction contains instances of the abstraction's formal parameter then it is necessary to rename the parameter before applying the abstraction to avoid name capture.
(1995-05-10)
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<job> The head geek or geek's geek. When no one else knows the answer, or several techno-types give conflicting advise, or the error message says "consult your administrator" and you *are* the administrator, you ask the Alpha Geek.
(1997-06-25)
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<character> A decimal digit or a letter (upper or lower case). Typically, "letters" means only English letters (ASCII A-Z plus a-z) but it may also include non-English letters in the Roman alphabet, e.g., e-acute, c-cedilla, the thorn letter, and so on. Perversely, it may also include the underscore character in some contexts.
(1997-09-11)
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<language> (Named after the brightest star in Hydra) A Pascal-like language developed by Wulf, Shaw and London of CMU in 1974. Alphard supports data abstraction using the 'form', which combines a specification and an implementation.
["Abstraction and Verification in Alphard: Defining and Specifying Iteration and Generators", Mary Shaw, CACM 20(8):553-563, Aug 1977].
(1995-05-10)
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<programming> Testing of software at the developer's site by the customer. The stage before beta testing.
(1996-05-10)
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<language> 1. An interpreted algebraic language for the Bendix G15 developed by Dr. Richard V. Andree (? - 1987), Joel C. Ewing and others of the University of Oklahoma from Spring 1966 (possibly 1965).
Dale Peters <dpeters@theshop.net> reports that in the summer of 1966 he attended the second year of an NSF-sponsored summer institute in mathematics and computing at the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Andree's computing class mostly used the language GO-GO, later renamed ALPS. The language changed frequently during the class, which was occasionally disorienting. Dale believes it was also used in Summer 1965 and that it was about this time that John G. Kemeny (one of the designers of Dartmouth BASIC, 1963) saw it during a visit.
Dr. Andree's January 1967 class mimeo notes on ALPS begin: "ALPS is a new programming language designed and perfected by Mr. Harold Bradbury, Mr. Joel Ewing and Mr. Harold Wiebe, members of the O.U. Mathematics Computer Consultants Group under the direction of Dr. Richard V. Andree. ALPS is designed to be used with a minimum of training to solve numerical problems on a computer with typewriter stations and using man-computer cooperation by persons who have little familiarity with advanced mathematics."
The initial version of what evolved into ALPS was designed and implemented by Joel Ewing (a pre-senior undergrad) in G15 machine language out of frustration with the lack of applications to use the G15's dual-case alphanumeric I/O capabilities. Harold Wiebe also worked on the code. Others, including Ralph Howenstine, a member of the O.U. Math Computer Consultants Group, contributed to the design of extensions and Dr. Andree authored all the instructional materials, made the outside world aware of the language and encouraged work on the language.
(2006-10-10)
2. A parallel logic language.
["Synchronization and Scheduling in ALPS Objects", P. Vishnubhotia, Proc 8th Intl Conf Distrib Com Sys, IEEE 1988, pp. 256-264].
(1994-11-24)
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<character> /awlt/ 1. The alt modifier key on many keyboards, including the IBM PC. On some keyboards and operating systems, (but not the IBM PC) the alt key sets bit 7 of the character generated.
See bucky bits.
2. The "clover" or "Command" key on a Macintosh; use of this term usually reveals that the speaker hacked PCs before coming to the Mac (see also feature key). Some Mac hackers, confusingly, reserve "alt" for the Option key (and it is so labelled on some Mac II keyboards).
3. (Obsolete PDP-10; often "ALT") An alternate name for the ASCII ESC character (Escape, ASCII 27), after the keycap labelling on some older terminals; also "altmode" (/awlt'mohd/). This character was almost never pronounced "escape" on an ITS system, in TECO or under TOPS-10, always alt, as in "Type alt alt to end a TECO command" or "alt-U onto the system" (for "log onto the [ITS] system"). This usage probably arose because alt is easier to say.
4. <messaging> One of the Usenet newsgroup hierarchies. It was founded by John Gilmore and Brian Reid. The alt hierarchy is special in that anyone can create new groups here without going though the normal voting proceduers, hence the regular appearence of new groups with names such as "alt.swedish.chef.bork.bork.bork".
(1997-04-12)
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<language> An extended Fortran II for the Philco 2000, built on TAC.
[Sammet 1969, p.146].
(1995-03-16)
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<computer> An Intel 8080-based machine made by MITS. The Altair was the first popular microcomputer kit.
It appeared on the cover of the January 1975 "Popular Electronics" magazine with an article (probably) by Leslie Solomon. Leslie Solomon was an editor at Popular Electronics who had a knack for spotting kits that would interest people and make them buy the magazine. The Altair 8800 was one such. The MITS guys took the prototype Altair to New York to show Solomon, but couldn't get it to work after the flight. Nonetheless, he liked it, and it appeared on the cover as "The first minicomputer in a kit."
Solomon's blessing was important enough that some MITS competitors named their product the "SOL" to gain his favour. Some wags suggested SOL was actually an abbreviation for the condition in which kit purchasers would find themselves.
Bill Gates and Paul Allen saw the article on the Altair 8800 in Popular Electronics. They realised that the Altair, which was programmed via its binary front panel needed a high level language. Legend has it that they called MITS with the claim that they had a BASIC interpreter for the Altair. When MITS asked them to demo it in Albuquerque, they wrote one on the plane. On arrival, they entered the machine code via the front panel and demonstrated and sold their "product." Thus was born "Altair BASIC."
The original Altair BASIC ran in less than 4K of RAM because a "loaded" Altair had 4K memory. Since there was no operating system on the Altair, Altair BASIC included what we now think of as BIOS. It was distributed on paper tape that could be read on a Teletype. Later versions supported the 8K Altair and the 16K diskette-based Altair (demonstrating that, even in the 1970s, Microsoft was committed to software bloat). Altair BASIC was ported to the Motorola 6800 for the Altair 680 machine, and to other 8080-based microcomputers produced by MITS' competitors.
PC-History.org Altair 8800 page.
[Forrest M. Mimms, article in "Computers and Electronics", (formerly "Popular Electronics"), Jan 1985(?)].
[Was there ever an "Altair 9000" microcomputer?]
(2002-06-17)
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<World-Wide Web> A World-Wide Web site provided by Digital which features a very fast Web and Usenet search engine.
As of April 1996 its word index is 33GB in size. AltaVista is currently (June 1996) the largest Web index, with 30 million pages from 225,000 servers, and three million articles from 14,000 Usenet news groups. It is accessed over 12 million times per weekday.
http://altavista.digital.com/.
(1996-06-10)
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/awlt bit/ alternate bit. See meta bit.
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<database> An SQL Data Definition Language command that adds or removes columns or indexes to/from a table or modifies the table definition in some other way. This differs from the INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE (Data Modification Language) commands in that those change the data stored in the table but not its definition.
(2009-11-10)
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<networking> (ABP) A simple data link layer protocol that retransmits lost or corrupted messages.
Messages are sent from transmitter A to receiver B. Assume that the channel from A to B is initialised and that there are no messages in transit. Each message contains a data part, a checksum, and a one-bit sequence number, i.e. a value that is 0 or 1.
When A sends a message, it sends it continuously, with the same sequence number, until it receives an acknowledgment (ACK) from B that contains the same sequence number. When that happens, A complements (flips) the sequence number and starts transmitting the next message.
When B receives a message from A, it checks the checksum. If the message is not corrupted B sends back an ACK with the same sequence number. If it is the first message with that sequence number then it is sent for processing. Subsequent messages with the same sequence bit are simply acknowledged. If the message is corrupted B sends back an negative/error acknowledgment (NAK). This is optional, as A will continue transmitting until it receives the correct ACK.
A treats corrupted ACK messages, and NAK messages in the same way. The simplest behaviour is to ignore them all and continue transmitting.
(2000-10-28)
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<language> A Fortran extension for rational algebra developed by W.S. Brown of Bell Labs ca. 1968.
["The ALTRAN System for Rational Function Manipulation - A Survey", A.D. Hall, CACM 14(8):517-521 (Aug 1971)].
(1995-06-01)
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<messaging, programming> A Usenet newsgroup for posting program source code.
(1995-10-18)
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1. <processor> Arithmetic and Logic Unit.
2. <body> Association of Lisp Users.
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["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", Guy L. Steele Jr., Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6].
Due to a technical screwup some printings of the second edition are actually what the author calls "yucky green".
See also book titles.
(1997-06-25)
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<project, body> A funding programme for collaborative research in the UK.
(1995-06-01)
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1. <communications> Amplitude Modulation.
2. <artificial intelligence> A program by Doug Lenat to discover concepts in elementary mathematics. AM was written in 1976 in Interlisp. From 100 fundamental concepts and about 250 heuristics it discovered several important mathematical concepts including subsets, disjoint sets, sets with the same number of elements, and numbers. It worked by filling slots in frames maintaining an agenda of resource-limited prioritised tasks.
AM's successor was Eurisko.
http://homepages.enterprise.net/hibou/aicourse/lenat.txt.
(1999-04-19)
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<networking> The country code for Armenia.
Used for the vanity domain "i.am".