<project> COMputable MAthematics.
An ESPRIT project at KU Nijmegen.
(1994-11-30)
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Nearby terms: COMIT « Comite Europeen des Postes et Telecommunications « COMIT II « Comma » comma » command » Command Control Processor
<character> "," ASCII character 44. Common names: ITU-T: comma. Rare: ITU-T: cedilla; INTERCAL: tail.
In the C programming language, "," is an operator which evaluates its first argument (which presumably has side-effects) and then returns the value of its second argument. This is useful in "for" statements and macros.
(1995-03-10)
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<operating system> A character string which tells a program to perform a specific action. Most commands take arguments which either modify the action performed or supply it with input. Commands may be typed by the user or read from a file by a command interpreter. It is also common to refer to menu items as commands.
(1997-06-21)
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<operating system> (CCP) CP/M's command-line interpreter.
(2001-11-01)
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<operating system> A program which reads textual commands from the user or from a file and executes them. Some commands may be executed directly within the interpreter itself (e.g. setting variables or control constructs), others may cause it to load and execute other files.
Unix's command interpreters are known as shells.
When an IBM PC is booted BIOS loads and runs the MS-DOS command interpreter into memory from file COMMAND.COM found on a floppy disk or hard disk drive. The commands that COMMAND.COM recognizes (e.g. COPY, DIR, PRN) are called internal commands, in contrast to external commands which are executable files.
(1995-03-16)
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<operating system> A means of communication between a program and its user, based solely on textual input and output. Commands are input with the help of a keyboard or similar device and are interpreted and executed by the program. Results are output as text or graphics to the terminal.
Command line interfaces usually provide greater flexibility than graphical user interfaces, at the cost of being harder for the novice to use. Consequently, some hackers look down on GUIs as designed For The Rest Of Them.
(1996-01-12)
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Nearby terms: Command Control Processor « command interpreter « command key « command line interface » command-line interpreter » command line option » comma separated values
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Nearby terms: command interpreter « command key « command line interface « command-line interpreter » command line option » comma separated values » COMMEN
<software> (Or "option", "flag", "switch", "option switch") An argument to a command that modifies its function rather than providing data. Options generally start with "-" in Unix or "/" in MS-DOS. This is usually followed by a single letter or occasionally a digit. More recently, GNU software adopted the --longoptionname style, usually in addition to traditional, single-character, -x style equivalents.
Some commands require each option to be a separate argument, introduced by a new "-" or "/", others allow multiple option letters to be concatenated into a single argument with a single "-" or "/", e.g. "ls -al". A few Unix commands (e.g. ar, tar) allow the "-" to be omitted. Some options may or must be followed by a value, e.g. "cc prog.c -o prog", sometimes with and sometimes without an intervening space.
getopt and getopts are commands for parsing command line options. There is also a C library routine called getopt for the same purpose.
(2007-02-18)
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<file format> (CSV) A file format used as a portable representation of a database. Each line is one entry or record and the fields in a record are separated by commas. Commas may be followed by arbitrary space and/or tab characters which are ignored. If field includes a comma, the whole field must be surrounded with double quotes.
(1995-05-06)
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[L.J. Cohen. Proc SJCC 30:671-676, AFIPS (Spring 1967)].
(1994-11-30)
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<programming> (Or "remark") Explanatory text embedded in program source (or less often data) intended to help human readers understand it.
Code completely without comments is often hard to read, but code with too many comments is also bad, especially if the comments are not kept up-to-date with changes to the code. Too much commenting may mean that the code is over-complicated. A good rule is to comment everything that needs it but write code that doesn't need much of it. Comments that explain why something is done and how the code relates to its environment are useful.
A particularly irksome form of over-commenting explains exactly what each statement does, even when it is obvious to any reasonably competant programmer, e.g.
/* Open the input file */ infd = open(input_file, O_RDONLY);(2007-02-19)
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<programming> To surround a section of code with comment delimiters or to prefix every line in the section with a comment marker. This prevents it from being compiled or interpreted. It is often done to temporarily disable the code, e.g. during debugging or when the code is redundant or obsolete, but is being left in the source to make the intent of the active code clearer.
The word "comment" is sometimes replaced with whatever syntax is used to mark comments in the language in question, e.g. "hash out" (shell script, Perl), "REM out" (BASIC), etc.
Compare condition out.
(1998-04-28)
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<character> "@". ASCII code 64. Common names: at sign, at, strudel. Rare: each, vortex, whorl, INTERCAL: whirlpool, cyclone, snail, ape, cat, rose, cabbage, amphora. ITU-T: commercial at.
The @ sign is used in an electronic mail address to separate the local part from the hostname. This dates back to July 1972 when Ray Tomlinson was designing the first[?] e-mail program.
It is ironic that @ has become a trendy mark of Internet awareness since it is a very old symbol, derived from the latin preposition "ad" (at).
Giorgio Stabile, a professor of history in Rome, has traced the symbol back to the Italian Renaissance in a Roman mercantile document signed by Francesco Lapi on 1536-05-04.
In Dutch it is called "apestaartje" (little ape-tail), in German "affenschwanz" (ape tail). The French name is "arobase". In Spain and Portugal it denotes a weight of about 25 pounds, the weight and the symbol are called "arroba". Italians call it "chiocciola" (snail).
See @-party.
(2003-04-28)
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<networking, body> (CIX) The CIX is a non-profit, 501(c)6, trade association coordinating Internet services. Its member organisations provide TCP/IP or OSI data internetwork services to the general public. The CIX gives them unrestricted access to other worldwide networks. It also takes an interest in the development and future direction of the Internet.
The CIX provides a neutral forum to exchange ideas, information, and experimental projects among suppliers of internetworking services. The CIX broadens the base of national and international cooperation and coordination among member networks. Together, the membership may develop consensus positions on legislative and policy issues of mutual interest.
The CIX encourages technical research and development for the mutual benefit of suppliers and customers of data communications internetworking services. It assists its member networks in the establishment of, and adherence to, operational, technical, and administrative policies and standards necessary to ensure fair, open, and competitive operations and communication among member networks. CIX policies are formulated by a member-elected board of directors.
(1995-01-13)
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<software> (Or "commercial off-the-shelf software", COTS) Software that is produced for sale. This contrasts with free software, which is produced for free distribution, meaning without charge and/or without restriction on further distribution.
Some companies that sell software distribute some (versions) of products free of charge (but usually with restricted distribution rights), this would probably still be called commercial software. Conversely, software that an individual distributes for free, but for which he accepts donations, would still be called free software.
(2007-02-07)
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<language> An English-like pre-COBOL language for business data processing.
[Sammet 1969, p. 378].
(1994-11-08)
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<communications> (CDR) The data transfer rate that an ISP guarantees a virtual circuit will carry. The CDR is the data portion of Committed Information Rate (CIR).
(2007-02-28)
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<networking> (CIR) The guaranteed average data rate of a virtual circuit in a frame relay network. The CIR plus the Excess Information Rate (EIR, burst rate) is equal to or less than the speed of the access port into the network.
The term CIR includes voice and non-data packets that are not included in the Committed Data Rate (CDR). CIR is generally used in reference to leased lines and similar classes of network services, not dial-up.
(2010-05-07)
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<chat> (Or "com mode") An ITS feature supporting interactive on-line chat.
(1998-01-18)
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<storage> A 3.5-inch floppy disk drive for the Amiga.
(1998-12-23)
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<computer> (C128) An expanded Commodore 64, Commodore Business Machines' last commercially released 8-bit computer. However, they did prototype the Commodore 65 and Commodore SX64.
(1996-06-05)
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<storage> The best known floppy disk drive for the Commodore 64. The 1541 was a single-sided 160 Kb drive but converting to flippy disks would give another 160 Kb.
The disk drive used Group Code Recording and contained a 6502 processor as a disk controller. Some people wrote code for it to vibrate the head at different frequencies to play tunes.
The transfer rate was about 300 bytes per second. The 1541 used a bit-serial version of the IEEE 488 parallel protocol. Some third-party speed-ups could transfer about 4 kilobytes per second over the interface, and some "fast loaders" managed up to 10 kbps.
The Commodore 1570 was an upgraded 1541 for use with the Commodore 128.
(2000-03-07)
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<storage> Commodore Business Machines's allegedly "advanced" disk drive for use with the C128. It is basically a 1541 with the capability to use "burst loading" (like the Commodore 1571), and lots of new bugs.
The Commodore 1571 was a double-sided version of the 1570.
(1996-04-07)
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<storage> Commodore Business Machines's "advanced" disk drive for the C128. It was the double-sided version of the Commodore 1570 disk drive but, unlike the 1570, worked quite well.
The 1571 supported "burst mode" loading when used on a C128 in native mode, which increased the transfer speed from 1541 speed to about three kilobytes per second (about a 10-fold increase). The 1571 could be told to emulate a 1541 for use with a C64 or 1541 disks.
Bugs in early releases of the 1571 ROM affected access to the second side of the disk.
(1996-04-07)
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<storage> Commodore Business Machines's 3.5 inch disk drive for the Commodore 64 and Commodore 128. The drive stores 800 kilobytes using an MFM format which is different from both messy-dos 720 kb, and the Amiga 880 kb formats.
The 1581 supports a poor imitation of directories which are really just partitions and largely unused. It also supports burst loading like the Commodore 1571, but is actually faster as it is better designed. It has 3160 blocks free when formatted.
The 1581 is the highest density C64 serial bus drive made by Commodore. However Creative Micro Designs (CMD) make the FD2000 (1.6MB) and (until recently) the FD4000 (3.2MB) 3.5" disk drives. GEOS users like 1581s as they are very fast when used with GEOS.
See also Commodore 1541, Commodore 1571.
(1998-12-23)
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<computer> (C64) An 8-bit Commodore Business Machines personal computer released around September 1981. Prototypes were (apparently) made before Christmas 1980 (and shown at some computer fair).
The CPU was a 6510 from MOS Technology (who were a wholly owned subsiduary of Commodore at this time(?)). The C64 had 64 kilobytes of RAM as standard and a 40-column text, 320x200 pixel display generating composite video, usually connected to a television.
DMA-based memory expanders for the C64 (and C128) allowed 128, 256, and 512 kb of RAM. Several third party manufacturers produce accelerators and RAM expanders for the C64 and C128. (Some, risking a holy war, compare this to putting a brick on roller-skates). Such accelerators come in speeds up to 20MHz (20 times the original) and RAM expanders to 16MB.
The C64's 1541 5.25 floppy disk drive had a 6502 processor as a disk controller.
See also Commodore 65.
["Assembly language programming with the Commodore 64", Marvin L. De Jong].
(1996-06-05)
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<computer> (Or Commodore 64DX, C65, C64DX) The last 8-bit computer designed by Commodore Business Machines, about 1989-1991. The C65 boasts an ugly collection of custom integrated circuits which makes even the Amiga hardware look standard.
The core of the C65 chipset is the CSG 4510 and CSG 4569. The 4510 is a 65CE02 with two 6526 CIAs. The 4569 is equivalent to a combination of the 6569 VIC-II and the MMU of the Commodore 64. The C65 also has a DMA controller (Commodore's purpose built DMAgic) which also functions as a simple blitter, and a floppy controller for the internal Commodore 1581-like disk drive. The floppy controller, known as the F011, supports seven drives (though the DOS only supports 2). The 4510 supports all the C64 video modes, plus an 80 column text mode, and bitplane modes. The bitplane modes can use up to eight bitplanes, and resolutions of up to 1280 x 400. The palette is 12-bit like the Amiga 500. It also has two SID's (MOS 8580/6581) for stereo audio.
The C65 has two busses, D and E, with 64 kilobytes of RAM on each. The VIC-III can access the D-bus while the CPU accesses the E-bus, and then they can swap around. This effectively makes the whole 8MB address space both chip ram and fast ram. RAM expansion is accomplished through a trap door slot in the bottom which uses a grock of a connector. The C65 has a C128-like native mode, where all of the new features are enabled, and the CPU runs at 3.5 megahertz with its pipeline enabled. It also has a C64 incompatibility mode which offers approx 50-80% compatibility with C64 software by turning off all its bells and whistles. The bells and whistles can still be accessed from the C64 mode, which is dissimilar to the C128's inescapable C64 mode.
Production of the C65 was dropped only a few weeks before it moved from the Alpha stage, possibly due to Commodore's cash shortage. Commodore estimate that "between 50 and 10000" exist. There are at least three in Australia, about 30 in Germany and "some" in the USA and Canada.
(1996-04-07)
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<company> (CBM) Makers of the PET, Commodore 64, Commodore 16, Commodore 128, and Amiga personal computers. Their logo is a chicken head.
On 1994-04-29, Commodore International announced that it had been unable to renegotiate terms of outstanding loans and was closing down the business. Commodore US was expected to go into liquidation. Commodore US, France, Spain, and Belgium were liquidated for various reasons. The names Commodore and Amiga were maintained after the liquidation.
On 1995-04-21, German retailer Escom AG bought Commodore International for $14m and production of the Amiga resumed. Tulip Computers took over the brand in the Netherlands.
Production of the 8-bit range alledgedly never stopped during the time in liquidation because a Chinese company were producing the C64 in large numbers for the local market there.
In 2004, Tulip sold the Commodore name to another Dutch firm, Yeahronimo. In April 2008 three creditors took the company to court demanding a bankruptcy ruling.
(2008-04-21)
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<computer> A "portable" Commodore 64. Shaped vaguely like a seat cushion, this cumbersome experiment in transportable computers had a detachable keyboard on one end which, when removed, revealed a 6" monitor and a 5 1/4" floppy disk drive. The curious combination of a bulky design and microscopic display are the most likely cause for the SX64's discontinuation.
[Processor? RAM? Dates?]
(1997-10-25)
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<language> (COMAL) A language for beginners developed by Benedict Loefstedt and Borge Christensen in 1973 and popular in Europe and Scandinavia. It has a Pascal-like structure added to BASIC. COMAL-80 has been adopted as an introductory language in Denmark.
There is a version for the Amiga and a well-supported version for the PC, running under MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows, called UniCOMAL. Recently, it has been developed as a web-scripting language called WebCOMAL.
There is a COMAL User's Group at 5501 Groveland Terr, Madison WI 53716, USA.
["Beginning COMAL", B. Christensen, Ellis Harwood 1982].
(2000-11-14)
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<operating system> (CAE) Part of X/Open, based on POSIX and C.
[Details?]
(2007-03-01)
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Common Application Service Element
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<networking> (CATNIP, originally Common Architecture Technology for Next-generation Internet Protocol)
A network architecture designed to provide a compressed form of the existing network layer protocols and to integrate CLNP, IP, and IPX. It provides for any of the transport layer protocols in use, including TP4, CLTP, TCP, UDP, IPX, and SPX, to run over any of the network layer protocol formats: CLNP, IP (version 4), IPX and CATNIP.
CATNIP was originally proposed by Robert L. Ullmann of Lotus Development Corporation on 1993-12-22. It was published as RFC 1707 in October 1994 but it is not an Internet standard of any kind.
(1996-03-23)
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<language, business> /koh'bol/ (COBOL) A programming language for simple computations on large amounts of data, designed by the CODASYL Committee in April 1960. COBOL's natural language style is intended to be largely self-documenting. It introduced the record structure.
COBOL was probably the most widely used programming language during the 1960s and 1970s. Many of the major programs that required repair or replacement due to Year 2000 software rot issues were originally written in COBOL, and this was responsible for a short-lived increased demand for COBOL programmers. Even in 2002 though, new COBOL programs are still being written in some organisations and many old COBOL programs are still running in dinosaur shops.
Major revisions in 1968 (ANS X3.23-1968), 1974 (ANS X3.23-1974) and 1985.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.lang.cobol.
["Initial Specifications for a Common Business Oriented Language" DoD, US GPO, Apr 1960].
(2002-02-21)
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<communications, company> (Or "phone company") A private company that offers telecommunications services to the public.
(1995-03-20)
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<storage, standard> (CCS) Additional requirements and features for direct-access SCSI devices.
In 1985 when the first SCSI standard was being finalised as an American National Standard, the X3T9.2 Task Group was approached by some manufacturers who wanted changes. Rather than delay the SCSI standard, X3T9.2 formed an ad hoc group to define CCS.
[Spec? Status? "direct-access"?]
(1997-03-23)
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<networking, IBM> (CCS) The standard program interface to networks in IBM's SAA.
(2007-05-14)
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<graphics, operating system> (CDE) A desktop manager from COSE.
(1994-10-31)
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<language> (CESP) A Unix-based version of ESP (Extended Self-containing Prolog) from Mitsubishi's AI Language Institute.
(2000-07-11)
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<World-Wide Web> (CGI) A standard for running external programs from a World-Wide Web HTTP server. CGI specifies how to pass arguments to the program as part of the HTTP request. It also defines a set of environment variables that are made available to the program. The program generates output, typically HTML, which the web server processes and passes back to the browser. Alternatively, the program can request URL redirection. CGI allows the returned output to depend in any arbitrary way on the request.
The CGI program can, for example, access information in a database and format the results as HTML. The program can access any data that a normal application program can, however the facilities available to CGI programs are usually limited for security reasons.
Although CGI programs can be compiled programs, they are more often written in a (semi) interpreted language such as Perl, or as Unix shell scripts, hence the common name "CGI script".
Here is a trivial CGI script written in Perl. (It requires the "CGI" module available from CPAN).
#!/usr/bin/perl
use CGI qw(:standard);
print header, start_html,
h1("CGI Test"),
"Your IP address is: ", remote_host(),
end_html;
When run it produces an HTTP header and then a simple HTML
page containing the IP address or hostname of the machine
that generated the initial request. If run from a command
prompt it outputs:
Content-Type: text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1
<!DOCTYPE html
PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
lang="en-US" xml:lang="en-US">
<head>
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type"
content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>CGI Test</h1>Your IP address is: localhost
</body>
</html>
The CGI program might be saved as the file "test.pl" in the
appropriate directory on a web server,
e.g. "/home/httpd/test".
Accessing the appropriate URL, e.g. http://acme.com/test/test.pl, would cause the program to run and a custom page produced and returned.
Early web servers required all CGI programs to be installed in one directory called cgi-bin but it is better to keep them with the HTML files to which they relate unless they are truly global to the site. Similarly, it is neither necessary nor desirable for all CGI programs to have the extension ".cgi".
Each CGI request is handled by a new process. If the process fails to terminate for some reason, or if requests are received faster than the server can respond to them, the server may become swamped with processes. In order to improve performance, Netscape devised NSAPI and Microsoft developed the ISAPI standard which allow CGI-like tasks to run as part of the main server process, thus avoiding the overhead of creating a new process to handle each CGI invocation. Other solutions include mod_perl and FastCGI.
Latest version: CGI/1.1.
http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi.
(2007-05-22)
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<standard> (CIM) An open systems management standard driven by the Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF).
(2003-06-07)
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<communications, standard> (CIF) A video format used in videoconferencing systems, which supports both NTSC and PAL signals, with a data rate of 30 frames per second (fps), with each frame containing 288 lines and 352 luminance pixels per line. CIF is part of the ITU H.261 videoconferencing standard.
CIF is also known as Full CIF (FCIF) to distinguish it from Quarter CIF (QCIF), a related video format standard that transfers one fourth as much data as CIF.
(2007-05-14)
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<language> (CIL)
[Details?]
["Construction of a Transportable, Milti-Pass Compiler for Extended Pascal", G.J. Hansen et al, SIGPLAN Notices 14(8):117-126, Aug 1979].
(1994-10-24)
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<protocol> (CIFS) An Internet file system protocol, based on Microsoft's SMB. Microsoft has given CIFS to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as an Internet Draft. CIFS is intended to complement existing protocols such as HTTP, FTP, and NFS.
CIFS runs on top of TCP/IP and uses the Internet's Domain Name Service (DNS). It is optimised to support the slower speed dial-up connections common on the Internet.
CIFS is more flexible than FTP. FTP operations are carried out on entire files whereas CIFS is aimed at routine data access and incorporates high-performance multi-user read and write operations, locking, and file-sharing semantics.
CIFS is probably closest in functionality to NFS. NFS gives random access to files and directories, but is stateless. With CIFS, once a file is open, state about the current access to that file is stored on both the client and the server. This allows changes on the server side to be notified to the clients that are interested.
CIFS: A Common Internet File System, Paul Leach and Dan Perry.
IETF Specification. CIFS version 1.
(2003-03-12)
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Common ISDN Application Programming Interface
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<networking> (CAPI, Common-ISDN-API) A programming interface standard for an application program to communicate with an ISDN card.
Work on CAPI began in 1989, focussing on the German ISDN protocol, and was finished in 1990 by a CAPI working group consisting of application providers, ISDN equipment manufacturers, large customers, user groups and DBP Telekom, resulting in COMMON-ISDN-API Version 1.1. Following completion of the international protocol specification, almost every telecommunication provider offers BRI and PRI with protocols based on Q.931 / ETS 3009 102. Common-ISDN-API Version 2.0 was developed to support all Q.931 protocols.
Latest version: 2.0, as of 1998-09-07.
[Why not CIAPI?]
(1998-09-07)
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<language> A dialect of Lisp defined by a consortium of companies brought together in 1981 by the Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). Companies included Symbolics, Lisp Machines, Inc., Digital Equipment Corporation, Bell Labs., Xerox, Hewlett-Packard, Lawrence Livermore Labs., Carnegie-Mellon University, Stanford University, Yale, MIT and USC Berkeley. Common Lisp is lexically scoped by default but can be dynamically scoped.
Common Lisp is a large and complex language, fairly close to a superset of MacLisp. It features lexical binding, data structures using defstruct and setf, closures, multiple values, types using declare and a variety of numerical types. Function calls allow "&optional", keyword and "&rest" arguments. Generic sequence can either be a list or an array. It provides formatted printing using escape characters. Common LISP now includes CLOS, an extended LOOP macro, condition system, pretty printing and logical pathnames.
Implementations include AKCL, CCL, CLiCC, CLISP, CLX, CMU Common Lisp, DCL, KCL, MCL and WCL.
Mailing list: <common-lisp@ai.sri.com>.
ANSI Common Lisp draft proposal.
["Common LISP: The Language", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1984, ISBN 0-932376-41-X].
["Common LISP: The Language, 2nd Edition", Guy L. Steele, Digital Press 1990, ISBN 1-55558-041-6].
(1994-09-29)
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<language, parallel> (CLIP) A version of Common LISP from Allegro for the Sequent Symmetry.
(1994-12-12)
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<language> (CLOS) An object-oriented extension to Common LISP, based on generic functions, multiple inheritance, declarative method combination and a meta-object protocol. A descendant of CommonLoops and based on Symbolics FLAVORS and Xerox LOOPS, among others.
See also PCL.
["Common LISP Object System Specification X3J13 Document 88-002R", D.G. Bobrow et al, SIGPLAN Notices 23, Sep 1988].
(1994-11-30)
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<language> Xerox's object-oriented Lisp which led to CLOS.
See also Portable CommonLoops.
ftp://arisia.xerox.com/pub/pcl/September-16-92-PCL-c.tar.Z.
["CommonLoops: Merging Lisp and Object-Oriented Programming", D.G. Bobrow et al, SIGPLAN Notices 21(11):17-29, Nov 1986].
(1999-07-02)
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<protocol> (CMIP) Part of the OSI body of standards specifying protocol elements that may be used to provide the operation and notification services described in the related standard, CMIS (Common Management Information Services).
Document: ISO/IEC 9596, or equivalent ITU X.711.
(1997-12-07)
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<networking> (CMIS) Part of the OSI body of network standards.
Network management information services are used by peer processes to exchange information and commands for the purpose of network management. CMIS defines a message set (GET, CANCEL-GET, SET, CREATE, DELETE, EVENT-REPORT and ACTION), and the structure and content of the messages such that they might be used by "open" systems. In concept, it is similar to SNMP, but more powerful (and hence more complex).
(2007-08-07)
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<file format> (COFF) The executable file and object file format used by Unix System V Release 3 and later.
(2007-08-15)
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<standard, programming> (CORBA) An Object Management Group specification which provides a standard messaging interface between distributed objects.
The original CORBA specification (1.1) has been revised through version 2 (CORBA 2) with the latest specification being version 3 (CORBA 3). In its most basic form CORBA consists of the Interface Definition Language (IDL) and the Dynamic Invocation Interface (DII).
The IDL definition is complied into a Stub (client) and Skeleton (server) component that communicate through an Object Request Broker (ORB). When an ORB determines that a request is to a remote object, it may execute the request by communicating with the remote ORB.
The Corba IDL can be mapped to a number of languages including C, C++, Java, COBOL, Smalltalk, Ada, Lisp, Python, and IDLscript. CORBA ORBs are widely available for a number of platforms. The OMG standard for inter-ORB communication is IIOP, this ensures that all CORBA 2 compliant ORBS are able to interoperate.
Latest version: Corba 3.0.3 2004-03-12, as of 2007-09-04.
See also COSS, Component Object Model, RMI.
(2007-09-04)
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<language> An object-oriented Lisp from Hewlett-Packard.
["Inheritance and the Development of Encapsulated Software Components", A. Snyder, Proc 20th Hawaii Conf on Sys Sci, pp. 227-238, 1987].
(1995-01-18)
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<programming> (CPI) The API of SAA.
(1997-12-01)
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<programming> (CUA) The user interface standard of SAA.
(1997-12-01)
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<jargon> Hacker jargon as spoken outside the US, especially in the British Commonwealth. It is reported that Commonwealth speakers are more likely to pronounce truncations like "char" and "soc", etc., as spelled (/char/, /sok/), as opposed to American /keir/ and /sohsh/. Dots in newsgroup names (especially two-component names) tend to be pronounced more often (so soc.wibble is /sok dot wib'l/ rather than /sohsh wib'l/). The prefix meta may be pronounced /mee't*/; similarly, Greek letter beta is usually /bee't*/, zeta is usually /zee't*/, and so forth. Preferred metasyntactic variables include blurgle, "eek", "ook", "frodo", and "bilbo"; "wibble", "wobble", and in emergencies "wubble"; "banana", "tom", "dick", "harry", "wombat", "frog", fish, and so on and on (see foo).
Alternatives to verb doubling include suffixes "-o-rama", "frenzy" (as in feeding frenzy), and "city" (examples: "barf city!" "hack-o-rama!" "core dump frenzy!"). Finally, note that the American terms "parens", "brackets", and "braces" for (), [], and {} are uncommon; Commonwealth hackish prefers "brackets", "square brackets", and "curly brackets". Also, the use of "pling" for bang is common outside the United States.
See also attoparsec, calculator, chemist, console jockey, fish, go-faster stripes, grunge, hakspek, heavy metal, leaky heap, lord high fixer, loose bytes, muddie, nadger, noddy, psychedelicware, plingnet, raster blaster, RTBM, seggie, spod, sun lounge, terminal junkie, tick-list features, weeble, weasel, YABA, and notes or definitions under Bad Thing, barf, bum, chase pointers, cosmic rays, crippleware, crunch, dodgy, gonk, hamster, hardwarily, mess-dos, nibble, proglet, root, SEX, tweak and xyzzy.
(1995-01-18)
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<language> (CFP) A parallel functional programming language.
["Communicating Functional Processes", M.C. van Eekelen et al, TR 89-3, U Nijmegen, Netherlands, 1989].
(1994-11-30)
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<language, parallel> (CSP) A notation for concurrency based on synchronous message passing and selective communications designed by Anthony Hoare in 1978. It features cobegin and coend and was a precursor to occam.
See also Contextually Communicating Sequential Processes.
["Communicating Sequential Processes", A.R. Hoare, P-H 1985].
(1994-11-01)
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<hardware, standard> (CNR) A specification for audio, modem, USB and Local Area Networking interfaces of core computer logic chip sets. Intel introduced CNR on 2000-02-07. It was mainly developed by hardware and software developers who helped release AMR (Audio/Modem Riser) and is used by several computer manufacturers.
http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/cnr.htm.
(2007-03-15)
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<legal> (CDA) An amendment to the U.S. 1996 Telecommunications Bill that went into effect on 1996-02-08. The law, originally proposed by Senator James Exon to protect children from obscenity on the Internet, ended up making it punishable by fines of up to $250,000 to post indecent language on the Internet anywhere that a minor could read it.
Thousands of outraged Internet users turned their web pages black in protest or displayed the Electronic Frontier Foundation's special icons.
On 1996-06-12, a three-judge panel in Philadelphia ruled the CDA unconstitutional and issued an injunction against the United States Justice Department forbidding them to enforce the "indecency" provisions of the law. Internet users celebrated by displaying an animated "Free Speech" fireworks icon to their web pages, courtesy of the Voters Telecommunications Watch. The Justice Department appealed the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.
(1996-11-03)
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<publication> (CACM) A monthly publication by the Association for Computing Machinery sent to all members. CACM is an influential publication that keeps computer science professionals up to date on developments. Each issue includes articles, case studies, practitioner oriented pieces, regular columns, commentary, departments, the ACM Forum, technical correspondence and advertisements.
(1995-01-18)
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<hardware, communications> A connector for a communications interface, usually, a serial port.
(1996-08-04)
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<operating system> IBM's rebranding of ACF.
(1999-01-20)
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<communications, software> Application programs, operating system components, and probably firmware, forming part of a communication system. These different software components might be classified according to the functions within the Open Systems Interconnect model which they provide.
Typical applications include a web browser, Mail User Agent, chat and telnet.
(2001-03-18)
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<communications> A system or facility for transfering data between persons and equipment. The system usually consists of a collection of individual communication networks, transmission systems, relay stations, tributary stations and terminal equipment capable of interconnection and interoperation so as to form an integrated whole. These individual components must serve a common purpose, be technically compatible, employ common procedures, respond to some form of control and generally operate in unison.
["Communications Standard Dictionary", 2nd Edition, Martin H. Weik].
(1995-02-06)
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<body> (CMGA) An online gaming portal introduced by German Telekom.
(2003-06-15)
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Copyright 2010 Denis Howe