<jargon> Capable of operating without other programs, libraries, computers, hardware, networks, etc. Exactly what is absent is presumed to be obvious from context.
"We only run Windows on stand-alone PCs because it's too dangerous to run it on networked ones."
(1998-02-11)
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<standard> Standards are necessary for interworking, portability, and reusability. They may be de facto standards for various communities, or officially recognised national or international standards.
Andrew Tanenbaum, in his Computer Networks book, once said, "The nice thing about standards is that there are so many of them to choose from", a reference to the fact that competing standards become a source of confusion, division, obsolescence, and duplication of effort instead of an enhancement to the usefulness of products.
Some bodies concerned in one way or another with computing standards are IAB (RFC and STD), ISO, ANSI, DoD, ECMA, IEEE, IETF, OSF, W3C.
(1999-07-06)
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<standard> (SCPI) A standard complementing IEEE 488, developed by Hewlett-Packard and promoted by the SCPI Consortium.
(1994-11-01)
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<standard> (SET) A French standard for exchange of CAD data.
(1998-03-07)
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<statistics> (SD) A measure of the range of values in a set of numbers. Standard deviation is a statistic used as a measure of the dispersion or variation in a distribution, equal to the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the deviations from the arithmetic mean.
The standard deviation of a random variable or list of numbers (the lowercase greek sigma) is the square of the variance. The standard deviation of the list x1, x2, x3...xn is given by the formula:
sigma = sqrt(((x1-(avg(x)))^2 + (x1-(avg(x)))^2 +
... + (xn(avg(x)))^2)/n)
The formula is used when all of the values in the population
are known. If the values x1...xn are a random sample chosen
from the population, then the sample Standard Deviation is
calculated with same formula, except that (n-1) is used as the
denominator.
["Barrons Dictionary of Mathematical Terms, second edition"].
(2003-05-06)
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<World-Wide Web> A proposal to try to prevent the havoc wreaked by many of the early World-Wide Web robots when they retrieved documents too rapidly or retrieved documents that had side effects (such as voting). The proposed standard for robot exclusion offers a solution to these problems in the form of a file called "robots.txt" placed in the document root of the web site.
(2006-10-17)
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(STEP) A draft ISO standard for the exchange of CAD data.
See also PDES.
(1995-02-22)
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<spelling> ISO spell it "Standard Generalized Markup Language".
(1996-12-13)
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<language, text> (SGML) A generic markup language for representing documents. SGML is an International Standard that describes the relationship between a document's content and its structure. SGML allows document-based information to be shared and re-used across applications and computer platforms in an open, vendor-neutral format. SGML is sometimes compared to SQL, in that it enables companies to structure information in documents in an open fashion, so that it can be accessed or re-used by any SGML-aware application across multiple platforms.
SGML is defined in "ISO 8879:1986 Information processing -- Text and office systems -- Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)", an ISO standard produced by JTC 1/SC 18 and amended by "Amendment 1:1988".
Unlike other common document file formats that represent both content and presentation, SGML represents a document's content data and structure (interrelationships among the data). Removing the presentation from content establishes a neutral format. SGML documents and the information in them can easily be re-used by publishing and non-publishing applications.
SGML identifies document elements such as titles, paragraphs, tables, and chapters as distinct objects, allowing users to define the relationships between the objects for structuring data in documents. The relationships between document elements are defined in a Document Type Definition (DTD). This is roughly analogous to a collection of field definitions in a database. Once a document is converted into SGML and the information has been 'tagged', it becomes a database-like document. It can be searched, printed or even programmatically manipulated by SGML-aware applications.
Companies are moving their documents into SGML for several reasons:
Reuse - separation of content from presentation facilitates multiple delivery formats like CD-ROM and electronic publishing.
Portability - SGML is an international, platform-independent, standard based on ASCII text, so companies can safely store their documents in SGML without being tied to any one vendor.
Interchange - SGML is a core data standard that enables SGML-aware applications to inter-operate and share data seamlessly.
A central SGML document store can feed multiple processes in a company, so managing and updating information is greatly simplified. For example, when an aeroplane is delivered to a customer, it comes with thousands of pages of documentation. Distributing these on paper is expensive, so companies are investigating publishing on CD-ROM. If a maintenance person needs a guide for adjusting a plane's flight surfaces, a viewing tool automatically assembles the relevant information from the document repository as a complete document. SGML can be used to define attributes to information stored in documents such as security levels.
There are few clear leaders in the SGML industry which, in 1993, was estimated to be worth US $520 million and is projected to grow to over US $1.46 billion by 1998.
A wide variety tools can be used to create SGML systems. The SGML industry can be separated into the following categories:
Mainstream Authoring consists of the key word processing vendors like Lotus, WordPerfect and Microsoft.
SGML Editing and Publishing includes traditional SGML authoring tools like ArborText, Interleaf, FrameBuilder and SoftQuad Author/Editor.
SGML Conversions is one of the largest sectors in the market today because many companies are converting legacy data from mainframes, or documents created with mainstream word processors, into SGML.
Electronic Delivery is widely regarded as the most compelling reason companies are moving to SGML. Electronic delivery enables users to retrieve information on-line using an intelligent document viewer.
Document Management may one day drive a major part of the overall SGML industry.
SGML Document Repositories is one of the cornerstone technologies that will affect the progress of SGML as a data standard.
Since 1998, almost all development in SGML has been focussed on XML - a simple (and therefore easier to understand and implement) subset of SGML.
"ISO 8879:1986//ENTITIES Added Latin 1//EN" defines some characters. [How are these related to ISO 8859-1?].
SGML parsers are available from VU, NL, FSU, UIO, Norway.
See also sgmls.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.text.sgml.
["The SGML Handbook", Charles F. Goldfarb, Clarendon Press, 1991, ISBN 0198537379. (Full text of the ISO standard plus extensive commentary and cross-referencing. Somewhat cheaper than the ISO document)].
["SGML - The User's Guide to ISO 8879", J.M. Smith et al, Ellis Harwood, 1988].
[Example of some SGML?]
(2000-05-31)
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<programming, operating system> The predefined input/output channels which every Unix process is initialised with. Standard input is by default from the terminal, and standard output and standard error are to the terminal. Each of these channels (controlled via a file descriptor 0, 1, or 2 - stdin, stdout, stderr) can be redirected to a file, another device or a pipe connecting its process to another process. The process is normally unaware of such I/O redirection, thus simplifying prototyping of combinations of commands.
The C programming language library includes routines to perform basic operations on standard I/O. Examples are "printf", allowing text to be sent to standard output, and "scanf", allowing the program to read from standard input.
(1996-06-07)
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(SICL) A platform-independent API for software to control and test electronic instruments conforming to IEEE 488.
(1995-01-05)
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A subset of Lisp 1.5 developed by A. Hearn primarily for implementing REDUCE. It was replaced by Portable Sandard LISP.
["Standard LISP Report", J. Marti et al, SIGPLAN Notices 14(10):48-58 (Oct 1979)].
(1994-11-04)
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<language> (SML) Originally an attempt by Robin Milner <rm@lfcs.edinburgh.ac.uk> ca. 1984 to unify the dialects of ML, SML has evolved into a robust general-purpose language. Later versions have been maintained by D. B. MacQueen, Lal George <george@research.att.com>, and J. H. Reppy <jhr@research.att.com> at AT&T, and A. W. Appel <appel@princeton.edu>.
SML is functional, with imperative programming features. It is environment based and strict. It adds to ML the call-by-pattern of Hope, recursive data types, reference types, typed exceptions, and modules. (The "core" language excludes the modules).
Standard ML is polymorphically typed and its module system supports flexible yet secure large-scale programming. Standard ML of New Jersey is an optimising native-code compiler for Standard ML that is written in Standard ML. It runs on a wide range of architectures. The distribution also contains: an extensive library - The Standard ML of New Jersey Library, including detailed documentation; Concurrent ML (CML); eXene - an elegant interface to X11 (based on CML); SourceGroup - a separate compilation and "make" facility.
Implementations: SML/NJ, POPLOG ML, Poly/ML, Edinburgh SML, ANU ML, Micro ML, lazy sml2c.
sml2c compiles to C. See also ML Kit.
Version 0.93 runs on 68000, SPARC, MIPS, HPPA, RS/6000, Intel 386, Intel 486 and Macintosh.
FTP from ATT. FTP from Suny SB.
Mailing list: sml-request@cs.cmu.edu.
["A Proposal for Standard ML", R. Milner, ACM Symp on LISP and Functional Prog 1984, pp. 184-197].
(1995-12-24)
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(SML/NJ) An implementation of SML by Andrew Appel at Princeton <Appel@princeton.edu> and Dave MacQueen at AT&T. Version 0.93.
["Standard ML of New Jersey", A. Appel et al, "Proc Third Intl Symp on Prog Lang Impl and Logic Programming", LNCS Springer 1991].
Versions for Unix, Mac. ftp://cs.yale.edu/pub/ml, ftp://research.att.com/dist/ml. Mailing list: sml@cs.cmu.edu.
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<standard> (SOE) A specification of the architecture, operating systems, application set and configuration of computers within an organisation.
(2007-06-11)
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The standard interpretation of a term in some language yields the term's standard denotational semantics, i.e. its "meaning". This is usually given by a semantic function which maps a term in the abstract syntax to a point in some domain. The domain is the interpretation of the term's type. The semantic function also takes an environment - a function which maps the free variables of the term to their meaning. We say that a domain point "denotes", or "is the denotation of", a term. A non-standard semantics results from some other interpretation, e.g. an abstract interpretation.
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<java, graphics> (SWT) The Eclipse Foundation's framework for developing graphical user interfaces in Java. SWT is written in explicitly standard Java but uses the Java Native Interface to talk to a platform-native GUI library. SWT is the third major attempt to give Java a decent GUI framework, following AWT and Swing. Of the three, SWT is the most consistent with the native GUIs but its programming model is hard to port to non-Windows platforms.
(2004-12-21)
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<language> (SASL) A functional programming language designed by Professor David Turner in 1976 whilst at St. Andrews University. SASL is a derivative of ISWIM with infinite data structures. It is fully lazy but weakly typed. It was designed for teaching functional programming, with very simple syntax.
Example syntax:
def fac n = n = 0 -> 1 ; n x fac(n-1)A version of the expert system EMYCIN has been written in SASL.
SASL was originally known as "St Andrews Standard Language". Not to be confused with SISAL.
ftp://a.cs.uiuc.edu/uiuc/kamin.distr/distr/sasl.p. See also Kamin's interpreters.
["A New Implementation Technique for Applicative Languages", D.A. Turner, Soft Prac & Exp 8:31-49 (1979)].
(2007-03-21)
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Copyright 2010 Denis Howe