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Joint Academic NETwork

(JANET) The wide area network which links UK academic and research institutes. JANET is controlled by the Joint Network Team (JNT) and Network Executive (NE). It is an internet (a large number of interconnected sub-networks) that provides connectivity within the community as well as access to external services and other communities. The hub is the JANET subnetwork, a private X.25 packet-switched network that interconnects over 100 sites. At the majority of sites, local area networks (LANs) are connected to JANET allowing off-site access for the computers and terminals connected to these networks. The Coloured Book protocol architecture is used to support interactive terminal access to computers (for both character terminals and screen terminals), inter-host file transfers, electronic mail and remote batch job submission.

http://nic.ja.net/.

Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group

<algorithm>

(JBIG) An experts group of ISO, IEC and ITU-T (JTC1/SC2/WG9 and SGVIII) working to define a compression standard for lossless image coding. Their proposed algorithm features compatible progressive coding and sequential coding and is lossless - the image is unaltered after compression and decompression.

JBIG can handle images with from one to 255 bits per pixel. Better compression algorithms exist for more than about eight bits per pixel. With multiple bits per pixel, Gray code can be used to reduce the number of bit changes between adjacent decimal values (e.g. 127 and 128), and thus improve the compression which JBIG does on each bitplane.

JBIG uses discrete steps of detail by successively doubling the resolution. The sender computes a number of resolution layers and transmits these starting at the lowest resolution. Resolution reduction uses pixels in the high resolution layer and some already computed low resolution pixels as an index into a lookup table. The contents of this table can be specified by the user.

Compatibility between progressive and sequential coding is achieved by dividing an image into stripes. Each stripe is a horizontal bar with a user definable height. Each stripe is separately coded and transmitted, and the user can define in which order stripes, resolutions and bitplanes are intermixed in the coded data. A progressively coded image can be decoded sequentially by decoding each stripe, beginning by the one at the top of the image, to its full resolution, and then proceeding to the next stripe. Progressive decoding can be done by decoding only a specific resolution layer from all stripes.

After dividing an image into bitplanes, resolution layers and stripes, eventually a number of small bi-level bitmaps are left to compress. Compression is done using a Q-coder.

The Q-coder codes bi-level pixels as symbols using the probability of occurrence of these symbols in a certain context. JBIG defines two kinds of context, one for the lowest resolution layer (the base layer), and one for all other layers (differential layers). Differential layer contexts contain pixels in the layer to be coded, and in the corresponding lower resolution layer.

For each combination of pixel values in a context, the probability distribution of black and white pixels can be different. In an all white context, the probability of coding a white pixel will be much greater than that of coding a black pixel. The Q-coder, like Huffman coding, achieves compression by assigning more bits to less probable symbols. The Q-coder can, unlike a Huffman coder, assign one output code bit to more than one input symbol, and thus is able to compress bi-level pixels without explicit clustering, as would be necessary using a Huffman coder.

[What is "clustering"?]

Maximum compression will be achieved when all probabilities (one set for each combination of pixel values in the context) follow the probabilities of the pixels. The Q-coder therefore continuously adapts these probabilities to the symbols it sees.

JBIG can be regarded as two combined algorithms:

(1) Sending or storing multiple representations of images at different resolutions with no extra storage cost. Differential layer contexts contain pixels in two resolution layers, and so enable the Q-coder to effectively code the difference in information between the two layers, instead of the information contained in every layer. This means that, within a margin of approximately 5%, the number of resolution layers doesn't effect the compression ratio.

(2) A very efficient compression algorithm, mainly for use with bi-level images. Compared to CCITT Group 4, JBIG is approximately 10% to 50% better on text and line art, and even better on halftones. JBIG, just like Group 4, gives worse compression in the presence of noise in images.

An example application would be browsing through an image database.

["An overview of the basic principles of the Q-coder adaptive binary arithmetic coder", W.B. Pennebaker, J.L. Mitchell, G.G. Langdon, R.B. Arps, IBM Journal of research and development, Vol.32, No.6, November 1988, pp. 771-726].

http://crs4.it/~luigi/MPEG/jbig.html.

Last updated: 1998-03-29

Joint Photographic Experts Group

<image, body, file format, standard>

(JPEG) The original name of the committee that designed the standard image compression algorithm. JPEG is designed for compressing either full-colour or grey-scale digital images of "natural", real-world scenes. It does not work so well on non-realistic images, such as cartoons or line drawings. JPEG does not handle compression of black-and-white (1 bit-per-pixel) images or moving pictures. Standards for compressing those types of images are being worked on by other committees, named JBIG and MPEG.

http://jpeg.org/.

Filename extension: .jpg, .jpeg.

Joint Technical Committee

<standard, body>

(JTC) A standards body straddling ISO and IEC.

Last updated: 1995-04-21

Joint Test Action Group

<architecture, body, electronics, integrated circuit, standard, testing> (JTAG, or "IEEE Standard 1149.1") A standard specifying how to control and monitor the pins of compliant devices on a printed circuit board.

Each device has four JTAG control lines. There is a common reset (TRST) and clock (TCLK). The data line daisy chains one device's test data out (TDO) pin to the test data in (TDI) pin on the next device.

The protocol contains commands to read and set the values of the pins (and, optionally internal registers) of devices. This is called "boundary scanning". The protocol makes board testing easier as signals that are not visible at the board connector may be read and set.

The protocol also allows the testing of equipment, connected to the JTAG port, to identify components on the board (by reading the device identification register) and to control and monitor the device's outputs.

JTAG is not used during normal operation of a board.

JTAG Technologies B.V..

Boundary Scan/JTAG Technical Information - Xilinx, Inc..

Java API for Boundary Scan FAQs - Xilinx Inc..

JTAG Boundary-Scan Test Products - Corelis, Inc..

"Logic analyzers stamping out bugs at the cutting edge", EDN Access, 1997-04-10.

IEEE 1149.1 Device Architecture - Boundary-Scan Tutorial from ASSET InterTech, Inc..

"Application-Specific Integrated Circuits", Michael John Sebatian Smith, published Addison-Wesley - Design Automation Cafe.

Software Debug options on ASIC cores - Embedded Systems Programming Archive.

Designing for On-Board Programming Using the IEEE 1149.1 (JTAG) Access Port - Intel.

Built-In Self-Test Using Boundary Scan by Texas Instruments - EDTN Network.

Last updated: 1999-11-15

Nearby terms:

join ♦ Joint Academic NETwork ♦ Joint Bi-level Image Experts Group

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