<introduction> FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms, jargon, programming languages, tools, architecture, operating systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards, mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies, projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with computing.
Copyright 2010 by Denis Howe
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front- or Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, http://foldoc.org/, Editor Denis Howe" or similar. Please make the URL both text (for humans) and a hyperlink (for Google).
The dictionary has been growing since 1985 and now contains over 14000 definitions in over five megabytes of text. Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to related resources elsewhere on the net.
Where LaTeX commands for certain non-ASCII symbols are mentioned, they are described in their own entries. "\" is also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in lambda-calculus. Cross-references to other entries look like this. Note that not all cross-references actually lead anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something inappropriate, please let me know. Dates after entries indicate when that entry was last updated. They do not imply that it was up-to-date at that time.
You can search the latest version of the dictionary on the WWW at URL http://foldoc.org/. If you find an entry that is wrong or inadequate please let me know.
See Pronunciation for how to interpret the pronunciation given for some entries.
(2007-07-25)
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Nearby terms: Free On-line Dictionary of Computing » Acknowledgements » Missing definition » !
<introduction> Many thanks to the hundreds of contributors, and especially to the Guest Editors, mirror site maintainers and the maintainers of the following resources from which some entries originate:
Mike Sendall's STING Software engineering glossary <sendall@dxpt01.cern.ch>, 1993-10-13,
Bill Kinnersley's Language List v2.2, 1994-01-15,
Mark Hopkins' catalogue of Free Compilers and Interpreters v6.4, 1994-02-28,
The on-line hacker Jargon File v3.0.0, 1993-07-27,
Internet Users' Glossary (RFC 1392, FYI 18), Jan 1993.
John Cross's computer glossary, 1994-11-01.
John Bayko's Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present, v4.0.0, 1994-08-18.
Electronic Commerce Dictionary.
(2007-11-16)
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Nearby terms: Free On-line Dictionary of Computing « Acknowledgements » Missing definition » ! » "
<introduction> First, this is an (English language) computing dictionary. It includes lots of terms from related fields such as mathematics and electronics, but if you're looking for (or want to submit) words from other subjects or general English words or other languages, try http://wikipedia.org/, http://onelook.com/, http://yourdictionary.com/ or http://reference.allrefer.com/.
If you've already searched the dictionary for a computing term and it's not here then please don't tell me. There are, and always will be, a great many missing terms, no dictionary is ever complete. I use my limited time to process the corrections and definitions people have submitted and to add the most frequently requested missing terms.
Try one of the sources mentioned above or http://techweb.com/encyclopedia/, http://whatis.techtarget.com/ or http://google.com/.
See also the note on bad cross-references.
What does ... mean? How do I ...? Where can I find ...?
I'm afraid I don't have time to answer personal requests for definitions, help configure your PC, do your homework, or explain what that Windoze error message means, etc. so please don't ask me.
How do I submit a definition?
I'm afraid I can't accept any more new definitions at the moment, I have a huge backlog awaiting processing.
(2007-08-02)
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<programming> The first positional parameter in shell programming and related languages. Occurrences of $1 are replaced by the first actual argument provided by the user when the shell script is run. $2 is replaced by the second argument, and so on up to $9.
You may have arrived at this entry by following a URL like "http://foldoc.org?$1", which is actually a template used to generate pointers to FOLDOC definitions by replacing "$1" with the term to be defined, e.g. in a wiki interwiki map.
(2006-09-10)
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<application> The knapsack problem restricted so that the number of each item is zero or one.
(1995-03-13)
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<networking> Fast Ethernet over optical fibre.
(1998-03-23)
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<networking> Any of several Fast Ethernet 100 MBps CSMA/CD standards for twisted pair cables, including: 100BaseTx (100 Mbps over two-pair Cat5 or better cable), 100BaseT4 (100 Mbps over four-pair Cat3 or better cable), 100BaseT2 (in committee; 100 Mbps over two-pair Cat3 or better cable). All are standards (or planned standards) under IEEE 802.3.
(1997-01-07)
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Nearby terms: 0 « 0/1 knapsack problem « 100BaseFX « 100BaseT » 100BaseTX » 100BaseVG » 100VG-AnyLAN
<networking> The predominant form of Fast Ethernet. 100BaseTX runs over two pairs of wires in category 5 cable.
(1998-06-30)
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Nearby terms: 0/1 knapsack problem « 100BaseFX « 100BaseT « 100BaseTX » 100BaseVG » 100VG-AnyLAN » 10base2
<networking> A 100 MBps Ethernet standard specified to run over four pairs of category 3 UTP wires (known as voice grade, hence the "VG"). It is also called 100VG-AnyLAN because it was defined to carry both Ethernet and token ring frame types.
100BaseVG was originally proposed by Hewlett-Packard, ratified by the ISO in 1995 and practically extinct by 1998.
100BaseVG started in the IEEE 802.3u committee as Fast Ethernet. One faction wanted to keep CSMA/CD in order to keep it pure Ethernet, even though the collision domain problem limited the distances to one tenth that of 10baseT. Another faction wanted to change to a polling architecture from the hub (they called it "demand priority") in order to maintain the 10baseT distances, and also to make it a deterministic protocol. The CSMA/CD crowd said, "This is 802.3 -- the Ethernet committee. If you guys want to make a different protocol, form your own committee". The IEEE 802.12 committee was thus formed and standardised 100BaseVG. The rest is history.
(1998-06-30)
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Nearby terms: 100BaseFX « 100BaseT « 100BaseTX « 100BaseVG » 100VG-AnyLAN » 10base2 » 10base5
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<networking> (Or "cheapernet") The variant of Ethernet that uses thin coaxial cable (RG-58 or similar), as opposed to 10base5 cable.
The "10" means 10 Mbps, "base" means "baseband" as opposed to radio frequency and "2" means a maximum single cable length of 200m.
(1995-11-14)
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Nearby terms: 100BaseTX « 100BaseVG « 100VG-AnyLAN « 10base2 » 10base5 » 10baseT » 120 reset
<networking> An Ethernet network cabling specification operating at ten Mbps, "baseband" (as opposed to radio frequency), and with a maximum single cable length of 500 metres. This is normally carried on RG8 cable.
(2002-06-17)
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Nearby terms: 100BaseVG « 100VG-AnyLAN « 10base2 « 10base5 » 10baseT » 120 reset » 1-2-3
<networking> A variant of Ethernet which allows stations to be attached via twisted pair cable.
(1995-01-24)
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Nearby terms: 100VG-AnyLAN « 10base2 « 10base5 « 10baseT » 120 reset » 1-2-3 » 1394
<jargon> /wuhn-twen'tee ree'set/ (After 120 volts, US mains voltage) To cycle power on a computer in order to reset or unjam it.
Compare Big Red Switch, power cycle.
(1994-11-23)
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Nearby terms: 10base2 « 10base5 « 10baseT « 120 reset » 1-2-3 » 1394 » 1541
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<hardware> A UART with a one-byte FIFO buffer. The 16450 is a higher speed, fixed version of the 8250. It was superseded by the 16550.
The 16450 was used for the IBM PC AT and PS/2 but will not work in a IBM PC XT.
(2004-03-21)
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Nearby terms: 1541 « 1581 « 16000 « 16450 » 16550 » 16550A » 16650
<hardware> A version of the 16450 UART with a 16-byte FIFO. Superseded by the 16550A.
This chip might not operate correctly with all software.
The 16C550 is a CMOS version.
(2004-03-24)
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Nearby terms: 1581 « 16000 « 16450 « 16550 » 16550A » 16650 » 16750C
<hardware> A version of the 16550 UART. Superseded by the 16650.
(2003-07-05)
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Nearby terms: 16000 « 16450 « 16550 « 16550A » 16650 » 16750C » 16 bit
<hardware> A version of the 16550A UART with a 32-byte FIFO. Superseded by the 16750C.
(2003-07-05)
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Nearby terms: 16450 « 16550 « 16550A « 16650 » 16750C » 16 bit » 16-bit application
<hardware> A UART with a 64-byte FIFO.
The 16C750 is a CMOS version.
[Is there a 16750 (with no "C" on the end)?]
(2004-03-24)
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Nearby terms: 16550 « 16550A « 16650 « 16750C » 16 bit » 16-bit application » 16C550
<architecture, programming> Using words containing sixteen bits. This adjective often refers to the number of bits used internally by a computer's CPU. E.g. "The Intel 8086 is a sixteen bit processor". Its external data bus or address bus may be narrower. The term may also refer to the size of an instruction in the computer's instruction set or to any other item of data.
See also 16-bit application.
(1996-05-13)
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Nearby terms: 16550A « 16650 « 16750C « 16 bit » 16-bit application » 16C550 » 16C750
<operating system> Software for MS-DOS or Microsoft Windows which originally ran on the 16-bit Intel 8088 and 80286 microprocessors. These used a segmented address space to extend the range of addresses from what is possible with just a 16-bit address. Programs with more than 64 kilobytes of code or data therefore had to waste time switching between segments. Furthermore, programming with segments is more involved than programming in a flat address space, giving rise to warts like memory models in C and C++.
Compare 32-bit application.
(1996-04-06)
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Nearby terms: 16650 « 16750C « 16 bit « 16-bit application » 16C550 » 16C750 » 16C850
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Nearby terms: 16 bit « 16-bit application « 16C550 « 16C750 » 16C850 » 1802 » 1NF
<hardware> A version of the 16450 UART in CMOS with 128-byte FIFO.
(2004-03-24)
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Nearby terms: 16-bit application « 16C550 « 16C750 « 16C850 » 1802 » 1NF » 1TBS
<processor> An 8-bit microprocessor manufactured as CDP1802 by HARRIS Semiconductor. It has been around for ten years at least and is ideally suited for embedded applications. Some of its features are: 8-bit parallel organisation with bidirectional data bus and multiplexed address bus; static design -- no minimum clock rate; bit-programmable output port; four input pins which are directly tested by branch instructions; flexible programmable I/O mode; single-phase clock, with on-chip oscillator; 16 x 16 register matrix to implement multiple program counters, pointers, or registers
(1995-11-21)
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Nearby terms: 16C550 « 16C750 « 16C850 « 1802 » 1NF » 1TBS » 1.TR.6
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<networking, protocol> A control channel protocol for ISDN. It is a national standard in Germany but is being replaced by Euro-ISDN.
(1995-03-27)
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Nearby terms: 1802 « 1NF « 1TBS « 1.TR.6 » 2 » 20-GATE » 2780
<convention, character> In names of translation software, infix 2 often represents the word "to" with the connotation "translate to", as in dvi2ps (DVI to PostScript), int2string (integer to string) and texi2roff (Texinfo to [nt]roff).
(1995-01-25)
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Nearby terms: 1NF « 1TBS « 1.TR.6 « 2 » 20-GATE » 2780 » 2B1D
<language> An algebraic language for the G-20, developed at Carnegie around 1965.
(1995-02-27)
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Nearby terms: 1TBS « 1.TR.6 « 2 « 20-GATE » 2780 » 2B1D » 2B1Q
Binary Synchronous Transmission
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<language> An artificial intelligence language with coroutines.
["The 2.PAK Language: Goals and Description", L.F. Melli, Proc IJCAI 1975].
(1995-01-25)
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<architecture, operating system> IBM PC software that runs in a 32-bit flat address space.
The term 32-bit application came about because MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows were originally written for the Intel 8088 and 80286 microprocessors. These are 16 bit microprocessors with a segmented address space. Programs with more than 64 kilobytes of code and/or data therefore had to switch between segments quite frequently. As this operation is quite time consuming in comparison to other machine operations, the application's performance may suffer. Furthermore, programming with segments is more involved than programming in a flat address space, giving rise to some complications in programming languages like "memory models" in C and C++.
The shift from 16-bit software to 32-bit software on IBM PC clones became possible with the introduction of the Intel 80386 microprocessor. This microprocessor and its successors support a segmented address space with 16-bit and 32 bit segments (more precisely: segments with 16- or 32-bit address offset) or a linear 32-bit address space. For compatibility reasons, however, much of the software is nevertheless written in 16-bit models.
Operating systems like Microsoft Windows or OS/2 provide the possibility to run 16-bit (segmented) programs as well as 32-bit programs. The former possibility exists for backward compatibility and the latter is usually meant to be used for new software development.
See also Win32s.
(1995-12-11)
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Nearby terms: 2.PAK « 32000 « 3270 « 32-bit application » 3780 » 386 » 386BSD
Binary Synchronous Transmission
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<operating system> (Or "jolix /joh'liks/) A free software port originally derived from the generally available parts of the "Berkeley Net Release/2" to the Intel i386 architecture by William Jolitz and friends. The name Jolix is used to differentiate it from BSDI's port based on the same source tape, which is called BSD/386.
Many new and innovative features were added to 386BSD following its original release in June 1992. An unofficial patchkit, available from many anonymous FTP archives, solves many of the problems associated with 386BSD Version 0.1. In addition, many common Unix packages have been ported.
386BSD has been superseded by FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD.
FAQ.
(2006-06-08)
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Nearby terms: 32-bit application « 3780 « 386 « 386BSD » 386SPART.PAR » 386SX » 3Com Corporation
<operating system> (Or "WIN386.SWP") 386SPART.PAR is a hidden file created by Windows 3.1 for use as virtual memory swap file. It is generally found in the root directory, however it may appear elsewhere (typically in the WINDOWS directory). Its size depends on how much virtual memory you have set up under (Control Panel) Enhanced under Virtual Memory. If you move or delete this file Windows will complain the next time you start it with a Swap File error.
Windows 95 uses a similar file, except it is named WIN386.SWP, and the controls for it are located under Control Panel - System - Performance tab - Virtual Memory.
(1996-05-28)
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Nearby terms: 3780 « 386 « 386BSD « 386SPART.PAR » 386SX » 3Com Corporation » 3DNow!
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<company, networking> A manufacturer of local area network equipment.
3Com was founded in 1979. They acquired BICC Data Networks in 1992, Star-Tek in 1993, Synernetics in 1993, Centrum in 1994, NiceCom in 1994 AccessWorks, Sonix Communications, Primary Access and Chipcom in 1995 and Axon and OnStream Networks in 1996. They merged with U.S. Robotics in 1997.
(1998-04-03)
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<architecture> A floating point SIMD extention from AMD.
[Extension of what? To do what?]
(2001-12-23)
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<architecture> A floating point SIMD extention from AMD, compatible with Intel's SSE, introduced with the Athlon-4.
[Relationship to 3DNow!?]
(2001-12-23)
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<company, games, standard> A set of specifications created and owned by the 3DO company, which is a partnership of seven different companies. These specs are the blueprint for making a 3DO Interactive Multiplayer and are licensed to hardware and software producers.
A 3DO system has an ARM60 32-bit RISC CPU and a graphics engine based around two custom designed graphics and animation processors. It has 2 Megabytes of DRAM, 1 Megabyte of VRAM, and a double speed CD-ROM drive for main storage.
The Panasonic 3DO system can run 3DO Interactive software, play audio CDs (including support for CD+G), view Photo-CDs, and will eventually be able to play Video CDs with a special add-on MPEG1 full-motion video cartridge. Up to 8 controllers can be daisy-chained on the system at once. A keyboard, mouse, light gun, and other peripherals may also some day be hooked into the system, although they are not currently available (December 1993). The 3DO can display full-motion video, fully texture mapped 3d landscapes, all in 24-bit colour. Sanyo and AT&T will also release 3DO systems. Sanyo's in mid 1994 and AT&T in late 1994.
There will be a 3DO add-on cartridge based on the PowerPC to enable the 3DO to compete with Sony's Playstation console and Sega's Saturn console, both of which have a higher specification than the original 3DO. The add-on is commonly known as the M2 or Bulldog. It should hit the shops by Christmas 1995 and will (allegedly) do a million flat shaded polygons per second.
Usenet newsgroup: rec.games.video.3do.
(1994-12-13)
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<computer, networking> The archetypal diskless workstation, developed by Bob Metcalfe at 3Com and first available in 1986/1987.
The 3Station/2E had a 10 MHz 80286 processor, 1 MB of RAM (expandable to 5 MB), VGA compatible graphics with 256 KB of video RAM, and integrated AUI/BNC network transceivers for LAN access.
The product used a single printed-circuit board with four custom ASICs. It had no floppy disk drive or hard disk, it was booted from a server and stored all end-user files there.
3Com advertised "significant cost savings" due to the 3Station's ease of installation and low maintenance (this would now be referred to under the banner of "TCO").
The 3Station cost somewhere between an IBM PC clone and an IBM PC of the day. It was not commercially successful.
(2000-07-05)
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<abuse> Someone who's clueless. From the World-Wide Web message "404, URL Not Found" meaning that the document you've tried to access can't be located.
"Don't bother asking him...he's 404, man".
404 is one of the standard response codes of the telnet protocol on which the web's HTTP is based.
The first 4 indicates a client error such as a mistyped URL. The middle 0 refers to a general syntax error. The last 4 just indicates the specific error in the group of 40x, which also includes 400: Bad Request, 401: Unauthorized, etc.
(2000-03-18)
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Berkeley Software Distribution
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<hardware> The type of plug which fits a standard "type 600" British Telecom telephone socket.
(1995-01-25)
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Nearby terms: 3-tier « 404 « 4.2BSD « 431A » 4.3BSD » 4510 » 473L Query
Berkeley Software Distribution
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<processor> A 65CE02 with two 6526 IO controllers.
Used in the Commodore 65.
(1996-04-06)
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<language> An English-like query language for the US Air Force 473L system.
[Sammet 1969, p. 665].
["Headquarters USAF Command and Control System Query Language", Info Sys Sci, Proc 2nd Congress, Spartan Books 1965, pp.57-76].
(1994-10-31)
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<language> A subroutine-threaded Forth for the 8051 by Scott Gehmlich. It comes with source and documentation.
ftp://smis-novell-1.massey.ac.nz/giovanni/51forth.zip.
(1993-04-03)
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<communications> (56 kilobits per second) The data capacity of a normal single channel digital telephone channel in North America. The figure is derived from the bandwidth of 4 kHz allocated for such a channel and the 16-bit encoding (4000 times 16 = 64000) used to change analogue signals to digital, minus the 8000 bit/s used for signalling and supervision.
At the end of 1997 there were two rival modem designs capable of this rate: k56flex and US Robotics' X2. In February 1998 the ITU proposed a 56kbps standard called V.90, which is expected to be formally approved during September 1998.
(1998-09-15)
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<communications> A digital connection (possibly a leased line, possibly switched) capable of carrying 56 kbps.
Compare DS0.
(2000-07-16)
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<processor> What Intel's Pentium was not called.
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<communications> The class 5 electronic switching system sold by Lucent Technologies. The 5ESS Switch is the digital central office circuit switching system many communication service providers use.
(2001-07-12)
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<hardware, virtual reality> A data glove and flexor strip kit (5th Glove DFK) sold by Fifth Dimension Technologies for $495 ($345 for the left-handed version, $45 for each extra flexor strip). The DFK provides a data glove, a flexon strip (with an elbow or knee-joint sensor), an interface card, cables, and KineMusica software. The package uses flexible optical-bending sensing to track hand and arm movement. The glove can be used with 5DT's ultrasonic tracking system, the 5DT Head and Hand tracker ($245), which can track movement from up to two metres away from the unit's transmitter.
(1998-02-06)
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<education> /siks dub*l oh wun/, /dub*l oh wun/ or rarely /siks dub*l oh fun/ MIT's introductory computer class for majors, known for its intensity. Developed by Gerald Sussman and Hal Abelson, the course is taught in Scheme and introduces recursion, higher-order functions, object-oriented programming and much more. Students who grasp the metacircular interpreter gain entry into the Knights of the Lambda-Calculus. 6.001 has been exported to several other colleges, sometimes successfully. The textbook, "Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs", written with Julie Sussman is a classic that can be found on the shelves of many computer scientists, whether they took the course or not. Legendary characters from the class, problem sets, and book include the wise Alyssa P. Hacker, Ben Bitdiddle, Lem E. Tweakit and Eva Lu Ator, the careless Louis Reasoner and Captain Abstraction.
(1994-11-22)
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<communications> The standard type of two-wire wall socket and plug used for telephones in Australia.
[Other countries? Full name?]
(1997-06-26)
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<architecture> A term describing a computer architecture based around an ALU, registers and data bus which are 64 bits wide.
64-bit processors were quite common in 1996, e.g. Digital Alpha, versions of Sun SPARC, MIPS, IBM AS/4000. the PowerPC and Intel were expected to move to 64 bits at their next generation - PPC 620 and Intel P7.
A 64-bit address bus allows the processor to address 18 million gigabytes as opposed to the mere 4 gigabytes allowed with 32 bits. There were in 1996 already hard disks which can hold over 4GB. Floating point calculations can also be more accurate.
A 64-bit OS is needed as well to take advantage of the CPU. In 1996 there were only a few 64-bit operating systems, including OS/400, Digital Unix, Solaris (partialy). A 32-bit OS can run on a 64-bit CPU.
(2004-05-12)
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<hardware> An eight-bit microprocessor, the first sold by MOS Technology. The 6501 pin-compatible with the Motorola 6800 and was the first member of the 650x series. It had an on-chip clock oscillator.
See also 6502.
(2001-02-26)
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<hardware> An eight-bit microprocessor designed by MOS Technology around 1975 and made by Rockwell.
Unlike the Intel 8080 and its kind, the 6502 had very few registers. It was an 8-bit processor, with 16-bit address bus. Inside was one 8-bit data register (accumulator), two 8-bit index registers and an 8-bit stack pointer (stack was preset from address 256 to 511). It used these index and stack registers effectively, with more addressing modes, including a fast zero-page mode that accessed memory locations from address 0 to 255 with an 8-bit address (it didn't have to fetch a second byte for the address).
Back when the 6502 was introduced, RAM was actually faster than CPUs, so it made sense to optimise for RAM access rather than increase the number of registers on a chip.
The 6502 was used in the BBC Microcomputer, Apple II, Commodore, Apple Computer and Atari personal computers. Steve Wozniak described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (actually a quarter of the 6800 price).
The 6502's indirect jump instruction, JMP (xxxx), was broken. If the address was hexadecimal xxFF, the processor would not access the address stored in xxFF and xxFF + 1, but rather xxFF and xx00. The 6510 did not fix this bug, nor was it fixed in any of the other NMOS versions of the 6502 such as the 8502. Bill Mensch at Western Design Center was probably the first to fix it, in the 65C02.
The 6502 also had undocumented instructions.
The 65816 is an expanded version of the 6502.
There is a 6502 assembler by Doug Jones <jones@cs.uiowa.edu> which supports macros and conditional features and can be used for linkage editing of object files. It requires Pascal.
See also cross-assembler, RTI, Small-C.
(2001-01-02)
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<hardware> A family of microprocessors from MOS Technologies, based on the design of the Motorola 6800 (introduced around 1975). The family included the 6502 used in several early personal computers.
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<processor> A successor to the 6502.
The 6510 was used in the Commodore 64C. Successors included the 8502 used in the Commodore 128 line.
(2001-01-02)
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<processor> An expanded version of the 6502, with which it is compatible. It has 16-bit index registers and stack pointer, a 16-bit direct page register and a 24-bit address bus. Used in later models of the Apple II.
(1994-10-31)
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<processor> Pentium Pro or possibly Cyrix 6x86.
(1997-05-26)
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<networking> A radio-based LAN protocol which speaks OFDM at 5GHz, one of the two wi-fi protocols.
(2003-09-02)
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<networking> An IEEE wireless local area networks (WLAN) standard protocol which speaks DSSS at 2.4GHz. 802.11b is one of the two wi-fi protocols. It operates at 11 megabits per second (Mbps) compared with 802.11g which operates at 54 Mbps.
(2004-01-11)
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<networking, standard> An IEEE wireless local area network (WLAN) standard protocol, expected to be approved in June 2003. 802.11g offers wireless transmission over relatively short distances at up to 54 megabits per second (Mbps).
802.11g operates in the 2.4 GHz range and is thus compatible with 802.11b (11 Mbps Wi-Fi).
(2004-01-11)
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<hardware> A UART that can operate at a maximum of 9600 baud.
The 8250 is used in IBM PC XT computers. It works in an IBM PC AT under DOS but generates unwanted interrupts when used at 9600 baud. The IBM PC BIOS has a bug fix for this chip.
(2004-03-21)
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<file system, filename extension> A common shorthand for the limits on filename length imposed by the file system used by MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows - at most eight characters, followed by a ".", followed by a filename extension of at most three characters.
Windows 95 supports long filenames by using multiple directory entries per file. The extra entries are hidden. It also automatically derives an 8.3 name for each file for backward compatibility so that older versions of DOS can still access the file.
(1998-10-05)
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<hardware> A serial IO chip with a one-byte FIFO. The 8450 was introduced with the Intel 8080.
(2004-03-21)
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<hardware> An IBM graphics display standard supporting a resolution of 1024 x 768 pixels with 256 colours at 43.5 Hz (interlaced), or 640 x 480 at 60 Hz interlaced.
8514 was introduced at the same time as VGA and was superseded by XGA.
(1999-08-01)
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<body> A consortium with the aim of creating a multi-vendor open computing environment based on the Motorola 88000 RISC processor family.
(1995-01-26)
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<jargon> Common shorthand for "eight data bits, no parity, one stop bit", the most common configuration for serial lines, e.g. EIA-232.
(1995-01-31)
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<tool> 709 PACkage.
A report generator for the IBM 7090, developed in 1959.
[Sammet 1969, p.314. "IBM 7090 Prog Sys, SHARE 7090 9PAC Part I: Intro and Gen Princs", IBM J28-6166, White Plains, 1961].
(1995-02-07)
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<programming> A Perl quote-like operator used to delimit a regular expression (RE) like "?FOO?" that matches FOO at most once. The normal "/FOO/" form of regular expression will match FOO any number of times. The "??" operator will match again after a call to the "reset" operator.
The operator is usually referred to as "??" but, taken literally, an empty RE like this (or "//") actually means to re-use the last successfully matched regular expression or, if there was none, the empty pattern (which will always match).
(2009-05-28)
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<language> /A sharp/ A separable component of Version 2 of the AXIOM* computer algebra system. It provides a programming language with an optimising compiler, an intermediate code interpreter, and a library of data structures and mathematical abstractions. The compiler produces stand-alone executable programs, object libraries in native operating system formats, portable bytecode libraries, C and Lisp source code.
The A# programming language has support for object-oriented and functional programming styles. Both types and functions are first class values that can be manipulated with a range of flexible and composable primitives and user programs. The A# language design places particular emphasis on compilation for efficient machine code and portability.
Ports have been made to various 16, 32, and 64 bit architectures: RS/6000, SPARC, DEC Alpha, i386, i286, Motorola 680x0, S 370; several operating systems: Linux, AIX, SunOS, HP/UX, Next, Mach and other Unix systems, OS/2, DOS, Microsoft Windows, VMS and CMS; C compilers: Xlc, gcc, Sun, Borland, Metaware and MIPS C.
(1995-02-07)
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<language> (Or A0) A language for the UNIVAC I or II, using three-address code instructions for solving mathematical problems. A-0 was the first language for which a compiler was developed. It was produced by Grace Hopper's team at Remington Rand in 1952. Later internal versions were A-1, A-2, A-3, AT-3. AT-3 was released as MATH-MATIC.
["The A-2 Compiler System", Rem Rand, 1955].
[Sammet 1969, p. 12].
(1995-12-03)
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<language> Address 1 code.
An a1 code interpreter, by Matthew Newhook <matthew@engr.mun.ca> was used to test compiler output. It requires gcc 2.4.2 or higher and is portable to computers with memory segment protection.
(1994-07-19)
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<software, storage> IBM PC memory manager software providing HMA. XMMs usually provide this functionality. Named after the 21st address line (A20), controlling the access to HMA.
(1996-01-10)
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<hardware> (Aureal 3-Dimensional?) A technology developed by Aureal that delivers sound with a three-dimensional effect through two speakers. Many modern sound cards and PC games now support this feature.
A3D differs from the various forms of surround sound in that it only requires two speakers, while surround sound typically requires four or five. It is sometimes less convincing than surround sound but is supposedly better in interactive environments. For example, PC games in which sounds often move from one speaker to another favour A3D, while pre-recorded video favours surround sound.
(1999-01-26)
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Authentication, Authorization, Accounting, Auditing and Charging.
(2007-06-01)
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<language> An assembler for the Motorola DSP56000 and DSP56001 digital signal processors by Quinn Jensen <jensenq@qcj.icon.com>. Version 1.1 is available from an alt.sources archive or ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/.
(1992-08-10)
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Axiomatic Architecture Description Language
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Association of American Publishers
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<standard> A DTD for a standard SGML document type for scientific documents, defined by the Association of American Publishers.
(1994-11-08)
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<programming, tool> (Dutch for "earth") A tool to check memory use for C++ programs, written by Steve Reiss <spr@cs.brown.edu> (who names his programs after living systems).
Aard tracks the state of each byte of memory in the heap and the stack. The state can be one of Undefined, Uninitialised, Free or Set. The program can detect invalid transitions (i.e. attempting to set or use undefined or free storage or attempting to access uninitialised storage).
In addition, the program keeps track of heap use through malloc and free and at the end of the run reports memory blocks that were not freed and that are not accessible (i.e. memory leaks).
The tools works using a spliced-in shared library on SPARCs running C++ 3.0.1 under SunOS 4.X.
ftp://wilma.cs.brown.edu/pub/aard.tar.Z.
(1998-03-03)
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Apple Address Resolution Protocol
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<networking> AARP packets sent out on a nonextended AppleTalk network to discover whether a randomly selected node ID is being used by any node. If not, the sending node uses the node ID. If so, it chooses a different ID and sends more AARP probe packets.
(1997-05-03)
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Apple Attachment Unit Interface
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<communications> A bit signaling procedure used in most T1 transmission facilities where one bit from every sixth frame of each of 24 T1 subchannels is used for carrying supervisory signaling.
[What does it stand for? Is this the same as "bit robbing"?]
(1997-05-05)
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<jargon> /*-breev'/, /*-brev'/ Common abbreviation for "abbreviation".
(1995-02-27)
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<language> (ATLAS) A Mil-spec language for automatic testing of avionics equipment. ATLAS replaced Gaelic and several other test languages.
["IEEE Standard ATLAS Test Language", IEEE Std 416-1976].
(2000-04-03)
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1. <computer> Atanasoff-Berry Computer.
2. <language> An imperative language and programming environment from CWI, Netherlands. It is interactive, structured, high-level, and easy to learn and use. It is a general-purpose language which you might use instead of BASIC, Pascal or AWK. It is not a systems-programming language but is good for teaching or prototyping.
ABC has only five data types that can easily be combined; strong typing, yet without declarations; data limited only by memory; refinements to support top-down programming; nesting by indentation. Programs are typically around a quarter the size of the equivalent Pascal or C program, and more readable.
ABC includes a programming environment with syntax-directed editing, suggestions, persistent variables and multiple workspaces and infinite precision arithmetic.
An example function words to collect the set of all words in a document:
HOW TO RETURN words document:
PUT {} IN collection
FOR line in document:
FOR word IN split line:
IF word not.in collection:
INSERT word IN collection
RETURN collection
Interpreter/compiler, version 1.04.01, by Leo Geurts,
Lambert Meertens, Steven Pemberton <Steven.Pemberton@cwi.nl>.
ABC has been ported to Unix, MS-DOS, Atari, Macintosh.
http://cwi.nl/cwi/projects/abc.html.
FTP eu.net, FTP nluug.nl, FTP uunet.
Mailing list: <abc-list-request@cwi.nl>.
E-mail: <abc@cwi.nl>.
["The ABC Programmer's Handbook" by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens and Steven Pemberton, published by Prentice-Hall (ISBN 0-13-000027-2)].
["An Alternative Simple Language and Environment for PCs" by Steven Pemberton, IEEE Software, Vol. 4, No. 1, January 1987, pp. 56-64.]
(1995-02-09)
2. <language> Argument, Basic value, C?.
An abstract machine for implementation of functional languages and its intermediate code.
[P. Koopman, "Functional Programs as Executable Specifications", 1990].
(1995-02-09)
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<language> An extension of ALGOL 60 with arbitrary data structures and user-defined operators, for symbolic mathematics.
["ABC ALGOL, A Portable Language for Formula Manipulation Systems", R.P. van de Riet, Amsterdam Math Centrum 1973].
(1994-10-28)
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<language> An Object-Based Concurrent Language.
The language for the ABCL MIMD system, written by Akinori Yonezawa <matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp> of Department of Information Science, Tokyo University in 1986. ABCL/1 uses asynchronous message passing to objects. It requires Common Lisp. Implementations in KCL and Symbolics Lisp are available from the author.
ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/.
E-mail: <abcl@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>.
["ABCL: An Object-Oriented Concurrent System", A. Yonezawa ed, MIT Press 1990]. (1990-05-23).
(1995-02-09)
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<language> A concurrent object-oriented language, an extension of ABCL/1 based on C.
["An Implementation of An Operating System Kernel using Concurrent Object Oriented Language ABCL/c+", N. Doi et al in ECOOP '88, S. Gjessing et al eds, LNCS 322, Springer 1988].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A reflective subset of ABCL/1, written in ABCL/1 by Yonezawa of Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1988.
ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/abclr.
["Reflection in an Object-Oriented Concurrent Language", T. Watanabe et al, SIGPLAN Notices 23(11):306-315 (Nov 1988)].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An object-oriented, concurrent, reflective language based on Hybrid Group Architecture. ABCL/R2 was produced by <masuhara@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <matsu@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <takuo@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, <yonezawa@is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp>, at the Tokyo Institute of Technology in 1992.
As a reflective language, an ABCL/R2 program can dynamically control its own behaviour, such as scheduling policy, from within a user-program. This system has almost all functions of ABCL/1 and is written in Common Lisp.
ftp://camille.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/pub/abclr2/.
(1993-01-28)
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<logic> The process of inference to the best explanation.
"Abduction" is sometimes used to mean just the generation of hypotheses to explain observations or conclusionsm, but the former definition is more common both in philosophy and computing.
The semantics and the implementation of abduction cannot be reduced to those for deduction, as explanation cannot be reduced to implication.
Applications include fault diagnosis, plan formation and default reasoning.
Negation as failure in logic programming can both be given an abductive interpretation and also can be used to implement abduction. The abductive semantics of negation as failure leads naturally to an argumentation-theoretic interpretation of default reasoning in general.
[Better explanation? Example?]
["Abductive Inference", John R. Josephson <jj@cis.ohio-state.edu>].
(2000-12-07)
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<jargon> /o'bend/, /*-bend'/ ABnormal END. Abnormal termination (of software); crash; lossage. Derives from an error message on the IBM 360; used jokingly by hackers but seriously mainly by code grinders. Usually capitalised, but may appear as "abend". Hackers will try to persuade you that ABEND is called "abend" because it is what system operators do to the computer late on Friday when they want to call it a day, and hence is from the German "Abend" = "Evening".
(1994-11-08)
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<games> The first popular open source MUD. The first version of AberMUD, named after Aberystwyth, UK, was written in B by Alan Cox, Richard Acott, Jim Finnis, and Leon Thrane, at University of Wales, Aberystwyth for an old Honeywell mainframe and opened in 1987. The gameplay was heavily influenced by MUD1, written by Roy Trubshaw and Richard Bartle, which Alan Cox had played at the University of Essex. In late 1988, Alan Cox ported AberMUD to C so it could run under UNIX on Southampton University's Maths machines. This version was named AberMUD2. Various other versions followed.
(2008-11-24)
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<language> A simple language for accountants.
["ABLE, The Accounting Language, Programming and Reference Manual," Evansville Data Proc Center, Evansville, IN, Mar 1975].
[Listed in SIGPLAN Notices 13(11):56 (Nov 1978)].
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> To terminate a program or process abnormally and usually suddenly, with or without diagnostic information. "My program aborted", "I aborted the transmission". The noun form in computing is "abort", not "abortion", e.g. "We've had three aborts over the last two days".
If a Unix kernel aborts it is known as a panic.
(1997-01-07)
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1. <networking> Alternating bit protocol.
2. Microsoft Address Book Provider.
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<mathematics> The horizontal or x coordinate on an (x, y) graph; the input of a function against which the output is plotted.
The vertical or y coordinate is the "ordinate".
(1997-07-08)
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<language> An early declarative language from the University of Aberdeen.
["ABSET: A Programming Language Based on Sets", E.W. Elcock et al, Mach Intell 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp.467-492].
(1994-11-08)
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<file system> A path relative to the root directory. Its first character must be the pathname separator.
(1996-11-21)
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<file system> A pathname relative to the root directory.
(1996-11-21)
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<philosophy> A description of a concept that leaves out some information or details in order to simplify it in some useful way.
Abstraction is a powerful technique that is applied in many areas of computing and elsewhere. For example: abstract class, data abstraction, abstract interpretation, abstract syntax, Hardware Abstraction Layer.
(2009-12-09)
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<programming> In object-oriented programming, a class designed only as a parent from which sub-classes may be derived, but which is not itself suitable for instantiation. Often used to "abstract out" incomplete sets of features which may then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes which add different variations of the missing pieces.
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> (ADT) A kind of data abstraction where a type's internal form is hidden behind a set of access functions. Values of the type are created and inspected only by calls to the access functions. This allows the implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any changes outside the module in which it is defined.
Objects and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but objects are not ADTs. Objects use procedural abstraction (methods), not type abstraction.
A classic example of an ADT is a stack data type for which functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to push values onto a stack and to pop values from a stack.
(2003-07-03)
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<theory> A partial execution of a program which gains information about its semantics (e.g. control structure, flow of information) without performing all the calculations. Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to analyse programs in order to decide whether certain optimisations or transformations are applicable.
The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and functions) are represented by points in some domain. Each abstract domain point represents some set of real ("concrete") values.
For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-" to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#, which operates on abstract values:
*# | + 0 - ---|------ + | + 0 - 0 | 0 0 0 - | - 0 +An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstract operation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of the concrete result. The meaning of "a safe approximation" depends on how we are using the results of the analysis.
If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are safer then the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) is
a# *# b# <= (a * b)#where a# is the abstract version of a etc.
In general an interpretation is characterised by the domains used to represent the basic types and the abstract values it assigns to constants (where the constants of a language include primitive functions such as *). The interpretation of constructed types (such as user defined functions, sum types and product types) and expressions can be derived systematically from these basic domains and values.
A common use of abstract interpretation is strictness analysis.
See also standard interpretation.
(1994-11-08)
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1. Generalisation; ignoring or hiding details to capture some kind of commonality between different instances. Examples are abstract data types (the representation details are hidden), abstract syntax (the details of the concrete syntax are ignored), abstract interpretation (details are ignored to analyse specific properties).
2. <programming> Parameterisation, making something a function of something else. Examples are lambda abstractions (making a term into a function of some variable), higher-order functions (parameters are functions), bracket abstraction (making a term into a function of a variable).
Opposite of concretisation.
(1998-06-04)
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1. <language> A processor design which is not intended to be implemented as hardware, but which is the notional executor of a particular intermediate language (abstract machine language) used in a compiler or interpreter. An abstract machine has an instruction set, a register set and a model of memory. It may provide instructions which are closer to the language being compiled than any physical computer or it may be used to make the language implementation easier to port to other platforms.
A virtual machine is an abstract machine for which an interpreter exists.
Examples: ABC, Abstract Machine Notation, ALF, CAML, F-code, FP/M, Hermes, LOWL, Christmas, SDL, S-K reduction machine, SECD, Tbl, Tcode, TL0, WAM.
2. <theory> A procedure for executing a set of instructions in some formal language, possibly also taking in input data and producing output. Such abstract machines are not intended to be constructed as hardware but are used in thought experiments about computability.
Examples: Finite State Machine, Turing Machine.
(1995-03-13)
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<language> (AMN) A language for specifying abstract machines in the B-Method, based on the mathematical theory of Generalised Substitutions.
(1995-03-13)
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<language, data> A form of representation of data that is independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and also of the physical representation of the data. Abstract syntax is used to give a high-level description of programs being compiled or messages passing over a communications link.
A compiler's internal representation of a program will typically be an abstract syntax tree. The abstract syntax specifies the tree's structure is specified in terms of categories such as "statement", "expression" and "identifier". This is independent of the source syntax (concrete syntax) of the language being compiled (though it will often be very similar).
A parse tree is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it will typically also contain features such as parentheses which are syntactically significant but which are implicit in the structure of the abstract syntax tree.
(1998-05-26)
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<language, standard, protocol> (ASN.1, X.208, X.680) An ISO/ITU-T standard for transmitting structured data on networks, originally defined in 1984 as part of CCITT X.409 '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988 due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995 version is covered by the X.680 series.
ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various ASN.1 encoding rules provide the transfer syntax (a concrete representation) of the data values whose abstract syntax is described in ASN.1. The standard ASN.1 encoding rules include BER (Basic Encoding Rules - X.209), CER (Canonical Encoding Rules), DER (Distinguished Encoding Rules) and PER (Packed Encoding Rules).
ASN.1 together with specific ASN.1 encoding rules facilitates the exchange of structured data especially between application programs over networks by describing data structures in a way that is independent of machine architecture and implementation language.
OSI Application layer protocols such as X.400 MHS electronic mail, X.500 directory services and SNMP use ASN.1 to describe the PDUs they exchange.
Documents describing the ASN.1 notations: ITU-T Rec. X.680, ISO 8824-1; ITU-T Rec. X.681, ISO 8824-2; ITU-T Rec. X.682, ISO 8824-3; ITU-T Rec. X.683, ISO 8824-4
Documents describing the ASN.1 encoding rules: ITU-T Rec. X.690, ISO 8825-1; ITU-T Rec. X.691, ISO 8825-2.
[M. Sample et al, "Implementing Efficient Encoders and Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE Infocom 93 Proc, v.3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993. Available from Logica, UK].
See also snacc.
(2005-07-03)
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<compiler> (AST) A data structure representing something which has been parsed, often used as a compiler or interpreter's internal representation of a program while it is being optimised and from which code generation is performed. The range of all possible such structures is described by the abstract syntax.
(1994-11-08)
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<language> (ASDL) A language developed as part of Esprit project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating language-based editors and environments. It combines an object-oriented type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a target-language interface.
["ASDL - An Object-Oriented Specification Language for Syntax-Directed Environments", M.L. Christ-Neumann et al, European Software Eng Conf, Strasbourg, Sept 1987, pp.77-85].
(1996-02-19)
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<graphics> (AWT) Java's platform-independent windowing, graphics, and user-interface toolkit. The AWT is part of the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) - the standard API for providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for a Java program.
Compare: SWING.
["Java in a Nutshell", O'Reilly].
http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/awt/.
(2000-07-26)
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<language> An early declarative language from the University of Aberdeen which anticipated a number of features of Prolog.
["ABSYS: An Incremental Compiler for Assertions", J.M. Foster et al, Mach Intell 4, Edinburgh U Press, 1969, pp. 423-429].
(1994-11-08)
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<audio> An audio format, succeded by AC3.
(2001-12-18)
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<audio> An audio format by Sony[?], the successor of AC2. AC3 is used for multi-channel audio for digital video.
(2001-12-18)
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Application Control Architecture
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Application Configuration Access Protocol
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<hardware, graphics> (AGP) A bus specification by Intel which gives low-cost 3D graphics cards faster access to main memory on personal computers than the usual PCI bus.
AGP dynamically allocates the PC's normal RAM to store the screen image and to support texture mapping, z-buffering and alpha blending.
Intel has built AGP into a chipset for its Pentium II microprocessor. AGP cards are slightly longer than a PCI card.
AGP operates at 66 MHz, doubled to 133 MHz, compared with PCI's 33 Mhz. AGP allows for efficient use of frame buffer memory, thereby helping 2D graphics performance as well.
AGP provides a coherent memory management design which allows scattered data in system memory to be read in rapid bursts. AGP reduces the overall cost of creating high-end graphics subsystems by using existing system memory.
(2004-07-19)
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<hardware> Additional hardware to perform some function faster than is possible in software running on the normal CPU. Examples include graphics accelerators and floating-point accelerators.
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A very high level interpreted language from CaseWare, Inc. with strings and tables. It is strongly typed and has remote function calls.
(1994-11-08)
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<library, networking> Berkeley Unix networking socket library routine to satisfy a connection request from a remote host. A specified socket on the local host (which must be capable of accepting the connection) is connected to the requesting socket on the remote host. The remote socket's socket address is returned.
Unix manual pages: accept(2), connect(2).
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> (AUP) Rules applied by many transit networks which restrict the use to which the network may be put. A well known example is NSFNet which does not allow commercial use. Enforcement of AUPs varies with the network.
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> Formal testing conducted to determine whether a system satisfies its acceptance criteria and thus whether the customer should accept the system.
(1996-05-10)
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<language> (ATOLL) The language used for automating the checking and launch of Saturn rockets.
["SLCC ATOLL User's Manual", IBM 70-F11-0001, Huntsville AL Dec 1970].
(2000-04-03)
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1. <language> An English-like query language used in the Pick operating system.
2. <database, product> Microsoft Access.
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> (ACL) A list of the services available on a server, each with a list of the hosts permitted to use the service.
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> 1. The way that network devices access the network medium.
2. Software in an SNA processor that controls the flow of data through a network.
(1998-03-02)
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<hardware, storage> The average time interval between a storage peripheral (usually a disk drive or semiconductor memory) receiving a request to read or write a certain location and returning the value read or completing the write.
(1997-06-14)
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<project> A European Union ESPRIT Basic Research Action.
[What's it about?]
(1994-11-08)
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<operating system> A file which holds records of the resources used by individual jobs. These records are used to regulate, and calculate charges for, resources. An entry is opened in the accounting file as each job begins.
(1996-12-08)
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<networking> The process of identifying individual and group access to various network resources to ensure proper access capabilities (bandwidth and security) or to properly charge the various individuals and departments. Accounting management is one of five categories of network management defined by ISO for management of OSI networks.
(1997-05-05)
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<job> A person in a company who identifies new accounts, analyses customer needs, proposes business solutions, negotiates and oversees the implementation of new projects.
(2004-03-08)
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Association of C and C++ Users
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<processor> In a central processing unit, a register in which intermediate results are stored. Without an accumulator, it would be necessary to write the result of each calculation (addition, multiplication, shift, etc.) to main memory and read them back. Access to main memory is slower than access to the accumulator which usually has direct paths to and from the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU).
The canonical example is summing a list of numbers. The accumulator is set to zero initially, each number in turn is added to the value in the accumulator and only when all numbers have been added is the result written to main memory.
Modern CPUs usually have many registers, all or many of which can be used as accumulators. For this reason, the term "accumulator" is somewhat archaic. Use of it as a synonym for "register" is a fairly reliable indication that the user has been around for quite a while and/or that the architecture under discussion is quite old. The term in full is almost never used of microprocessor registers, for example, though symbolic names for arithmetic registers beginning in "A" derive from historical use of the term "accumulator" (and not, actually, from "arithmetic"). Confusingly, though, an "A" register name prefix may also stand for "address", as for example on the Motorola 680x0 family.
2. <programming> A register, memory location or variable being used for arithmetic or logic (as opposed to addressing or a loop index), especially one being used to accumulate a sum or count of many items. This use is in context of a particular routine or stretch of code. "The FOOBAZ routine uses A3 as an accumulator."
(1999-04-20)
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<mathematics> How close to the real value a measurement is.
Compare precision.
(1998-04-19)
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1. Advanced Computing Environment.
2. Adaptive Communication Environment.
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Advanced Communications Function
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Advanced Communication Function/Network Control Program
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Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter
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<programming> A mnemonic for the properties a transaction should have to satisfy the Object Management Group Transaction Service specifications. A transaction should be Atomic, its result should be Consistent, Isolated (independent of other transactions) and Durable (its effect should be permanent).
The Transaction Service specifications which part of the Object Services, an adjunct to the CORBA specifications.
(1997-05-15)
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<graphics> Andy, Charles, Ian's System.
A geometric engine that most CAD packages now use. ACIS uses a sophisticated object-oriented approach for modelling, the data is stored in boundary representation. Acis is owned by Spatial Technologies.
[How does this differ from "solid modelling"?].
(1996-03-21)
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1. <character> /ak/ The mnemonic for the ACKnowledge character, ASCII code 6.
2. <communications> A message transmitted to indicate that some data has been received correctly. Typically, if the sender does not receive the ACK message after some predetermined time, or receives a NAK, the original data will be sent again.
(1997-01-07)
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2. Association for Computational Linguistics.
3. A Coroutine Language.
A Pascal-based implementation of coroutines.
["Coroutines", C.D. Marlin, LNCS 95, Springer 1980].
(1994-11-08)
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1. <body> The Association for Computing.
2. <communications> addressed call mode.
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<company, jargon> /ak'mee/ 1. A Company that Makes Everything. The canonical imaginary business. Possibly also derived from the word "acme" meaning "highest point".
2. A program for MS-DOS.
[What does it do?]
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An early system on the IBM 705.
[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1994-11-08)
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<company> A holding company for Acorn Computers Limited, Acorn Australia, Acorn New Zealand, Acorn GmbH and Online Media. Acorn Computer Group owns 43% of Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.
(1994-11-08)
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<company> A UK computer manufacturer, part of the Acorn Computer Group plc. Acorn was founded on 1978-12-05, on a kitchen table in a back room. Their first creation was an electronic slot machine. After the Acorn System 1, 2 and 3, Acorn launched the first commercial microcomputer - the ATOM in March 1980. In April 1981, Acorn won a contract from the BBC to provide the PROTON. In January 1982 Acorn launched the BBC Microcomputer System. At one time, 70% of microcomputers bought for UK schools were BBC Micros.
The Acorn Computer Group went public on the Unlisted Securities Market in September 1983. In April 1984 Acorn won the Queen's Award for Technology for the BBC Micro and in September 1985 Olivetti took a controlling interest in Acorn. The Master 128 Series computers were launched in January 1986 and the BBC Domesday System in November 1986.
In 1983 Acorn began to design the Acorn RISC Machine (ARM), the first low-cost, high volume RISC processor chip (later renamed the Advanced RISC Machine). In June 1987 they launched the Archimedes range - the first 32-bit RISC based microcomputers - which sold for under UKP 1000. In February 1989 the R140 was launched. This was the first Unix workstation under UKP 4000. In May 1989 the A3000 (the new BBC Microcomputer) was launched.
In 1990 Acorn formed Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. (ARM) in partnership with Apple Computer, Inc. and VLSI to develop the ARM processor. Acorn has continued to develop RISC based products.
With 1992 revenues of 48.2 million pounds, Acorn Computers was the premier supplier of Information Technology products to UK education and had been the leading provider of 32-bit RISC based personal computers since 1987.
Acorn finally folded in the late 1990s. Their operating system, RISC OS was further developed by a consortium of suppliers.
Usenet newsgroups: comp.sys.acorn, comp.sys.acorn.announce, comp.sys.acorn.tech, comp.binaries.acorn, comp.sources.acorn, comp.sys.acorn.advocacy, comp.sys.acorn.games.
HENSA software archive. Richard Birkby's Acorn page. RiscMan's Acorn page. Acorn On The Net. "The Jungle" by Simon Truss.
[Recent history?]
(2000-09-26)
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<company> A company formed in August 1994 by Acorn Computer Group plc to exploit the ARM RISC in television set-top box decoders. They planned to woo British Telecommunications plc to use the box in some of its video on demand trials.
The "STB1" box was based on an ARM8 core with additional circuits to enable MPEG to be decoded in software - possibly dedicated instructions for interpolation, inverse DCT or Huffman table extraction. A prototype featured audio MPEG chips, Acorn's RISC OS operating system and supported Oracle Media Objects and Microword. Online planned to reduce component count by transferring functions from boards into the single RISC chip.
The company was origianlly wholly owned by Acorn but was expected to bring in external investment.
[Article by nobody@tandem.com cross-posted from tandem.news.computergram, 1994-07-07].
In 1996 they releasd the imaginatively titled "Set Top Box 2" (STB20M) with a 32 MHz ARM 7500 and 2 to 32 MB RAM. There was also a "Set Top Box 22".
http://www.khantazi.org/Archives/MachineLst.html#STB1. http://www.mcmordie.co.uk/acornhistory/riscpc700.shtml. http://acorn.chriswhy.co.uk/NC.html.
(2007-11-12)
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<processor> The original name of the Advanced RISC Machine.
(1995-03-07)
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<language> A BBS language for PRODOS 8 on Apple II. Macos is a hacked version of ACOS.
(1994-11-08)
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<hardware, communications> A device used to connect a modem to a telephone line via an ordinary handset. The acoustic coupler converts electrical signals from the modem to sound via a loudspeaker, against which the mouthpiece of a telephone handset is placed. The earpiece is placed against a microphone which converts sound to electrical signals which return to the modem. The handset is inserted into a sound-proof box containing the louspeaker and microphone to avoid interference from ambient noise.
Acousitic couplers are now rarely used since most modems have a direct electrical connection to the telephone line. This avoids the signal degradation caused by conversion to and from audio. Direct connection is not always possible, and was actually illegal in the United Kingdom before British Telecom was privatised. BT's predecessor, the General Post Office, did not allow subscribers to connect their own equipment to the telephone line.
(1994-11-08)
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Algebra of Communicating Processes
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Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
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<text, product> A product from Adobe Systems, Inc., for manipulating documents stored in Portable Document Format. Acrobat provides a platform-independent means of creating, viewing, and printing documents.
Acropolis: the magazine of Acrobat publishing.
(1995-04-21)
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<jargon> An identifier formed from some of the letters (often the initials) of a phrase and used as an abbreviation. This dictionary contains a great many acronyms; see the contents page for a list.
See also TLA.
(1995-03-15)
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Association Control Service Element
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1. <software> Annual Change Traffic.
2. <company> Ada Core Technologies.
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<language> A concurrent extension of C++ based on actors.
["ACT++: Building a Concurrent C++ With Actors", D.G. Kafura TR89-18, VPI, 1989].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An actor language descended from Plasma.
["Concurrent Object Oriented Programming in Act1", H. Lieberman in Object Oriented Concurrent Programming, A. Yonezawa et al eds, MIT Press 1987].
(1994-11-08)
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Algebraic Compiler and Translator
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["Issues in the Design of Act2", D. Theriault, TR728, MIT AI Lab, June 1983].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A high-level actor language by Carl Hewitt. A descendant of Act2 which provides support for automatic generation of customers and for delegation and inheritance.
["Linguistic Support of Receptionists for Shared Resources", C. Hewitt et al in Seminar on Concurrency, S.D. Brookes et al eds, LNCS 197, Springer 1985, pp. 330-359].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> A Smalltalk-based actor language developed by J-P Briot in 1989.
["Actalk: A Testbed for Classifying and Designing Actor Languages in the Smalltalk-80 Environment", J-P. Briot, Proc ECOOP '89, pp. 109-129].
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> An approach to integrated CASE by Apollo.
(1994-11-08)
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<compiler> (Or "data frame", "stack frame") A data structure containing the variables belonging to one particular scope (e.g. a procedure body), as well as links to other activation records.
Activation records are usually created (on the stack) on entry to a block and destroyed on exit. If a procedure or function may be returned as a result, stored in a variable and used in an outer scope then its activation record must be stored in a heap so that its variables still exist when it is used. Variables in the current scope are accessed via the frame pointer which points to the current activation record. Variables in an outer scope are accessed by following chains of links between activation records. There are two kinds of link - the static link and the dynamic link.
(1995-03-07)
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<database> A conventional or passive DBMS combined with a means of event detection and condition monitoring. Event handling is often rule-based, as with an expert system.
(1994-11-08)
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<operating system> A directory service from Microsoft Corporation, similar in concept to Novell Netware Directory Services, that also integrates with the user organisation's DNS structure and is interoperable with LDAP. Active Directory is included in Windows 2000.
(2000-03-28)
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<tool, mathematics> An early interactive mathematics system for the XDS 930 at the University of California at Berkeley.
["Active Language I", R. de Vogelaere in Interactive Systems for Experimental Applied Mathematics, A-P 1968].
(1994-11-08)
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<hardware> A type of liquid crystal display where each display element (each pixel) includes an active component such as a transistor to maintain its state between scans.
Contrast passive matrix display.
(1995-12-09)
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<networking, tool, project> (AMP) An NLANR project undertaking site-to-site measurement across the HPC networks. This work is intended to compliment the measurements taken by MCI and Abilene within the networks' infrastructure. Currently round trip times, topology, and packet loss are being measured.
(2004-01-18)
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<networking> A process in an IBM token ring network which ensures a token is present on the ring, removes circulating frames with unknown or invalid destinations, and performs introductions between machines on the ring.
(1996-06-18)
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<programming> An object each instance of which has its own thread running as well as its own copies of the object's instance variables.
(1998-03-08)
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<hardware> (ARM) An efficient mechanism which allows reconfiguration of the hardware logic of a system according to the particular data received or transmitted.
In ARM each message contains extra information in a Reconfiguring Header in addition to the data to be transferred. Upon arrival of the message the Reconfiguring Header is extracted, decoded and used to perform on-the-fly hardware reconfiguration. As soon as the hardware has been reconfigured the data information of the message can be processed.
[In what contect is this term used?]
(1997-06-06)
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<World-Wide Web, programming> (ASP) A scripting environment for Microsoft Internet Information Server in which you can combine HTML, scripts and reusable ActiveX server components to create dynamic web pages.
IIS 4.0 includes scripting engines for Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting Edition (VBScript) and Microsoft JScript. ActiveX scripting engines for Perl and REXX are available through third-party developers.
[URL?]
(1999-12-02)
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<programming> A type of COM component that can self-register, also known as an "ActiveX control". All COM objects implement the "IUnknown" interface but an ActiveX control usually also implements some of the standard interfaces for embedding, user interface, methods, properties, events, and persistence.
ActiveX controls were originally called "OLE Controls", and were required to provide all of these interfaces but that requirement was dropped, and the name changed, to make ActiveX controls lean enough to be downloaded as part of a web page.
Because ActiveX components can support the OLE embedding interfaces, they can be included in web pages. Because they are COM objects, they can be used from languages such as Visual Basic, Visual C++, Java, VBScript.
["Understanding ActiveX and OLE", David Chappell, MS Press, 1996].
http://microsoft.com/com/tech/activex.asp.
(2002-04-19)
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<database, Microsoft, programming> (ADO) Microsoft's library for accessing data sources through OLE DB. Typically it is used to query or modify data stored in a relational database.
Home.
(2003-07-08)
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<language, specification> A specification language.
["An Algebraic Specification Language with Two Levels of Semantics", H. Ehrig et al, Tech U Berlin 83-1983-02-03].
(1994-11-08)
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<language> An object-oriented language for Microsoft Windows written by Charles Duff of the Whitewater Group ca. 1986. It has Pascal/C-like syntax. Uses a token-threaded interpreter. Early binding is an option.
["Actor Does More than Windows", E.R. Tello, Dr Dobb's J 13(1):114-125 (Jan 1988)].
(1994-11-08)
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1. <programming> In object-oriented programming, an object which exists as a concurrent process.
2. <operating system> In Chorus, the unit of resource allocation.
(1994-11-08)
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<theory> A model for concurrency by Carl Hewitt. Actors are autonomous and concurrent objects which execute asynchronously. The Actor model provides flexible mechanisms for building parallel and distributed software systems.
["Laws for Communicating Parallel Processes", C. Hewitt et al, IFIP 77, pp. 987-992, N-H 1977].
["ACTORS: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems", Gul A. Agha <agha@cs.uiuc.edu>, Cambridge Press, MA, 1986].
(1999-11-23)
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<World-Wide Web> An elaboration of the ages-old concept of the actor/singer/waiter, someone who waits tables for now, but who has aspirations of breaking into the glamorous worlds of acting or New Media or both!
He keeps going to auditions and sending a resumes to C|Net because you have to pay your dues.
His credits include being on "Friends" (as an extra), in "ER" (actually, in an ER - he twisted his ankle once; but he counts the x-rays as screen credits), and having been the webmaster of an extensive multimedia interactive website (his hotlist of "Simpsons" links).
(1998-04-04)
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<language> A multi-processor exemplar-based Smalltalk.
[LaLonde et al, OOPSLA '86].
(1994-11-08)
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<programming> A value, expression, or reference passed to a function or subroutine when it is called and which replaces or is bound to the corresponding formal argument.
See: argument.
(2002-07-02)
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<language> Pascal with parallel extensions, similar to the earlier Glypnir. It has parallel constants and index sets. Descendants include Parallel Pascal, Vector C and CMU's language PIE.
["A Language for Array and Vector Processors," R.H. Perrott, ACM TOPLAS 1(2):177-195 (Oct 1979)].
(1994-11-08)
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<networking> The country code for Andorra.
(1999-01-26)
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<language> (After Ada Lovelace) A Pascal-descended language, designed by Jean Ichbiah's team at CII Honeywell in 1979, made mandatory for Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon. The original language was standardised as "Ada 83", the latest is "Ada 95".
Ada is a large, complex, block-structured language aimed primarily at embedded applications. It has facilities for real-time response, concurrency, hardware access and reliable run-time error handling. In support of large-scale software engineering, it emphasises strong typing, data abstraction and encapsulation. The type system uses name equivalence and includes both subtypes and derived types. Both fixed and floating-point numerical types are supported.
Control flow is fully bracketed: if-then-elsif-end if, case-is-when-end case, loop-exit-end loop, goto. Subprogram parameters are in, out, or inout. Variables imported from other packages may be hidden or directly visible. Operators may be overloaded and so may enumeration literals. There are user-defined exceptions and exception handlers.
An Ada program consists of a set of packages encapsulating data objects and their related operations. A package has a separately compilable body and interface. Ada permits generic packages and subroutines, possibly parametrised.
Ada support single inheritance, using "tagged types" which are types that can be extended via inheritance.
Ada programming places a heavy emphasis on multitasking. Tasks are synchronised by the rendezvous, in which a task waits for one of its subroutines to be executed by another. The conditional entry makes it possible for a task to test whether an entry is ready. The selective wait waits for either of two entries or waits for a limited time.
Ada is often criticised, especially for its size and complexity, and this is attributed to its having been designed by committee. In fact, both Ada 83 and Ada 95 were designed by small design teams to be internally consistent and tightly integrated. By contrast, two possible competitors, Fortran 90 and C++ have both become products designed by large and disparate volunteer committees.
Home of the Brave Ada Programmers. Ada FAQs (hypertext), text only.
http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/, ftp://ajpo.sei.cmu.edu/, ftp://stars.rosslyn.unisys.com/pub/ACE_8.0.
E-mail: <adainfo@ajpo.sei.cmu.edu>.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.lang.ada.
An Ada grammar including a lex scanner and yacc parser is available. E-mail: <masticol@dumas.rutgers.edu>.
Another yacc grammar and parser for Ada by Herman Fischer.
An LR parser and pretty-printer for Ada from NASA is available from the Ada Software Repository.
Adamakegen generates makefiles for Ada programs.
["Reference Manual for the Ada Programming Language", ANSI/MIL STD 1815A, US DoD (Jan 1983)]. Earlier draft versions appeared in July 1980 and July 1982. ISO 1987.
(2000-08-12)
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<language> An object-oriented extension to Ada, implemented as an Ada preprocessor. Obsoleted by Ada 95 which includes object-oriented features.
(1995-09-19)
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<language> The original Ada, as opposed to Ada 95.
(1995-03-13)
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<language> A revision and extension of Ada (Ada 83) begun in 1988 and completed on 1994-12-01 by a team lead by Tucker Taft of Intermetrics. Chris Anderson was the Project Manager. The printed standard was expected to be available around 1995-02-15.
Additions include object-orientation (tagged types, abstract types and class-wide types), hierarchical libraries and synchronisation with shared data (protected types) similar to Orca. It lacks multiple inheritance but supports the construction of multiple inheritance type hierarchies through the use of generics and type composition.
GNAT aims to be a free implementation of Ada 95.
You can get the standard from the Ada Joint Program Office.
["Introducing Ada 9X", J.G.P. Barnes, Feb 1993].
(1999-12-02)
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<language> The working title for Ada 95 before its adoption as an ISO standard.
(1995-01-19)
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<database> A relational database system by Software AG. While it was initially designed for large IBM mainframe systems (e.g. S/370 in the late 1970s), it has been ported to numerous other platforms over the last few years such as several flavors of Unix including AIX.
ADABAS stores its data in tables (and is thus "relational") but also uses some non-relational techniques, such as multiple values and periodic groups.
(1995-10-30)
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<company> (ACT) The company that maintains GNAT.
Ada Core Technologies was founded in 1994 by the original authors of the GNAT compiler. ACT provides software for Ada 95 development.
(2000-10-28)
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<language, education> An interpreter, editor, and run-time environment for Ada, intended as a teaching tool. Ada/Ed does not have the capacity, performance, or robustness of commercial Ada compilers. Ada/Ed was developed at New York University as part of a project in language definition and software prototyping.
AdaEd runs on Unix, MS-DOS, Atari ST, and Amiga.
It handles nearly all of Ada 83 and was last validated with version 1.7 of the ACVC tests. Being an interpreter, it does not implement most representation clauses and thus does not support systems programming close to the machine level.
Latest version: 1.11.0a+, as of 1994-08-18. A later version is known as GW-Ada.
E-mail: Michael Feldman <mfeldman@seas.gwu.edu>.
ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/amiga/languages/ada, ftp://cnam.cnam.fr/pub/Ada/Ada-Ed. For Amiga.
(1999-11-04)
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<architecture> Name given by Widrow to adaptive linear neurons, that is neurons (see McCulloch-Pitts) which learn using the Widrow-Huff Delta Rule. See also Madaline.
(1995-03-14)
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<person> (1811-1852) The daughter of Lord Byron, who became the world's first programmer while cooperating with Charles Babbage on the design of his mechanical computing engines in the mid-1800s.
The language Ada was named after her.
["Ada, Enchantress of Numbers Prophit of the Computer Age", Betty Alexandra Toole].
[More details?]
(1999-07-17)
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<graphics, algorithm> One of the progressive coding methods used in PNG images. Adam7, named after its author, Adam M. Costello, consists of seven distinct passes over the image. Each pass transmits a subset of the pixels in the image. The pass in which each pixel is transmitted is defined by replicating the following 8-by-8 pattern over the entire image, starting at the top left:
1 6 4 6 2 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 3 6 4 6 3 6 4 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 6 5 6 5 6 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7(2000-09-12)
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<tool> A program that generates makefiles for Ada programs. Adamakegen was written by Owen O'Malley <owen@schwartz-omalley.com>. It requires Icon and runs under Verdix and SunAda.
Latest version: 2.6.3, as of 1993-03-02.
(2004-08-21)
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<database> A data management system written at CERN, based on the Entity-Relationship model.
(1995-03-14)
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<person> The ex-book publisher who founded Osborne Computer Corporation.
(2007-05-21)
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<language> An Ada subset developed at the University of Karlsruhe in 1979, used for compiler bootstrapping. It lacks overloading, derived types, real numbers, tasks and generics.
["Revised Ada-O Reference Manual", G. Persch et al, U Karlsruhe, Inst fur Infor II, Bericht Nr 9/81].
(1995-02-14)
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<language> A functional database language based upon Backus' FP language.
[Erwig&Lipeck, Proc. DBPL-3, 1991].
(1995-05-07)
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<language, database> An extension of Ada for functional databases.
["Adaplex: Rationale and Reference Manual 2nd ed", J.M. Smith et al, Computer Corp America, Cambridge MA, 1983].
(1995-02-14)
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<tool, project> (APSE) A program or set of programs to support software development in the Ada language.
[Examples?]
(1997-06-30)
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[Sammet 1969, p. 606].
(1995-02-14)
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<tool, product> (AUI, Oracle Toolkit) A toolkit from Oracle allowing applications to be written which will be portable between different windowing systems. AUI provides one call level interface along with a resource manager and editor across a range of "standard" GUIs, including Macintosh, Microsoft Windows and the X Window System.
(1995-03-16)
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<company> A company specialising in the aera of movement of data between computers. Adaptec designs hardware and software products to transfer data from a computer to a peripheral device or network.
Founded in 1981, the company achieved profitability in 1984, went public in 1986, and to date has achieved 54 consecutive profitable quarters.
Revenues for fiscal 1997 were $934 million, a 42% increase over the prior year. Net income, excluding acquisition charges, for fiscal year 1997 was $198 million or $1.72 per share.
(1999-08-25)
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<communications> A feature which allows a faxmodem to answer the telephone and decide whether the incoming call is a fax or data call. Most Class 1 faxmodems do this. The U.S. Robotics Class 1 implementation however seems not to do it, it must be set to answer as either one or the other.
(1995-03-16)
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<communications, tool> A C++ wrapper library for communications from the University of California at Irvine.
(1995-03-16)
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<communications> (ADPCM) A compression technique which records only the difference between samples and adjusts the coding scale dynamically to accomodate large and small differences. ADPCM is simple to implement, but introduces much noise.
[Used where? Does the Sony minidisk use ADPCM or ATRAC?]
(1998-12-10)
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<algorithm> (Or "Hebbian learning") Learning where a system programs itself by adjusting weights or strengths until it produces the desired output.
(1995-03-16)
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<database (ASE) The relational database management system that started life in the mid-eighties [first release?] as "Sybase SQL Server". For a number of years Microsoft was a Sybase distributor, reselling the Sybase product for OS/2 and (later) Windows NT under the name "Microsoft SQL Server".
Around 1994, Microsoft basically bought a copy of the source code of Sybase SQL Server and then went its own way. As competitors, Sybase and Microsoft have been developing their products independently ever since. Microsoft has mostly emphasised ease-of-use and "Window-ising" the product, while Sybase has focused on maximising performance and reliability, and running on high-end hardware.
When releasing version 11.5 in 1997, Sybase renamed its product to "ASE" to better distinguish its database from Microsoft's. Both ASE and MS SQL Server call their query language "Transact-SQL" and they are very similar.
Sybase SQL Server was the first true client-server RDBMS which was also capable of handling real-world workloads. In contrast, other DBMSs have long been monolithic programs; for example, Oracle only "bolted on" client-server functionality in the mid-nineties. Also, Sybase SQL Server was the first commercially successful RDBMS supporting stored procedures and triggers, and a cost-based query optimizer.
As with many other technology-driven competitors of Microsoft, Sybase has lost market share to MS's superior marketing, though many consider it has the superior system.
http://sypron.nl/whatis_ase.html.
(2003-07-02)
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<language> (ASA) An algorithm for global optimisation of generic functions by Lester Ingber <ingber@alumni.caltech.edu> <ingber@ingber.com>.
Latest version: 20.5, as of 2000-02-29.
http://alumni.caltech.edu/~ingber/.
Mailing list: <asa-request@alumni.caltech.edu>.
(2000-02-29)
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<algorithm> (ATRAC) An audio compression algorithm, introduced by Sony for its Mini Disk, which relies on the masking of low-amplitude frequency components by temporaly adjacent high-amplitude components. ATRAC consists of a three-band subband encoder (0...5.5, 5.5...11, 11...22 kHz) and a MDCT based transformation encoder.
[Does Sony Minidisk use ADPCM?]
(2001-12-13)
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<tool> (Automatic DAta Parallelism TranslatOR) A source to source transformation tool that transforms data parallel programs written in Fortran 77 with array extensions, parallel loops, and layout directives to parallel programs with explicit message passing. ADAPTOR generates Fortran 77 host and node programs with message passing. The new generated source codes have to be compiled by the compiler of the parallel computer.
Version 1.0 runs on CM-5, iPCS/860, Meiko CS1/CS2, KSR 1, SGI, Alliant or a network of Suns or RS/6000s.
ftp://ftp.gmd.de/gmd/adaptor/adp_1.0.tar.Z.
[Connection with Thomas Brandes and GMD?]
(1993-06-01)
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<language> (ASIS) An intermediate representation for Ada.
E-mail: <sblake@thomsoft.com>.
See also Diana.
(1995-02-15)
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<language> A collection of Ada programs?
http://wuarchive.wustl.edu/languages/ada/asr/.
(1995-01-06)
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Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol
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application developer customer unit
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<tool, product> Application Development cycle.
A set of SAA-compatible IBM-sponsored products for program development, running on workstations accessing a central repository on a mainframe. The stages cover requirements, analysis and design, production of the application, building and testing and maintenance. Technologies used include code generators and knowledge based systems as well as languages and debuggers.
(1994-10-24)
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<humour, language> (From COBOL's equivalent syntax to C's C++) A tongue-in-cheek suggestion by Bruce Clement for an object-oriented COBOL.
[SIGPLAN Notices 27(4):90-91 (Apr 1992)].
(1995-03-17)
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<tool> A Depository of Development Documents.
A public domain Software Engineering Environment from GMD developed as part of the STONE project.
(1995-02-03)
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<mathematics> A function f : X -> Y is additive if
for all Z <= X
f (lub Z) = lub { f z : z in Z }
(f "preserves lubs"). All additive functions defined over
cpos are continuous.
("<=" is written in LaTeX as \subseteq, "lub" as \sqcup ).
(1995-02-03)
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1. <networking> e-mail address.
2. <networking> IP address.
3. <networking> MAC address.
4. <storage, programming> An unsigned integer used to select one fundamental element of storage, usually known as a word from a computer's main memory or other storage device. The CPU outputs addresses on its address bus which may be connected to an address decoder, cache controller, memory management unit, and other devices.
While from a hardware point of view an address is indeed an integer most strongly typed programming languages disallow mixing integers and addresses, and indeed addresses of different data types. This is a fine example for syntactic salt: the compiler could work without it but makes writing bad programs more difficult.
(1997-07-01)
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<processor> The connections between the CPU and memory which carry the address from/to which the CPU wishes to read or write. The number of bits of address bus determines the maximum size of memory which the processor can access.
See also data bus.
(1995-03-22)
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<communications> (ACM) A mode that permits control signals and commands to establish and terminate calls in V.25bis.
(1997-05-07)
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<communications> One to whom something is addressed. E.g. "The To, CC, and BCC headers list the addressees of the e-mail message". Normally an addressee will eventually be a recipient, unless there is a failure at some point (an e-mail "bounces") or the message is redirected to a different addressee.
(2000-03-22)
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1. <processor, programming> One of a set of methods for specifying the operand(s) for a machine code instruction. Different processors vary greatly in the number of addressing modes they provide. The more complex modes described below can usually be replaced with a short sequence of instructions using only simpler modes.
The most common modes are "register" - the operand is stored in a specified register; "absolute" - the operand is stored at a specified memory address; and "immediate" - the operand is contained within the instruction.
Most processors also have indirect addressing modes, e.g. "register indirect", "memory indirect" where the specified register or memory location does not contain the operand but contains its address, known as the "effective address". For an absolute addressing mode, the effective address is contained within the instruction.
Indirect addressing modes often have options for pre- or post- increment or decrement, meaning that the register or memory location containing the effective address is incremented or decremented by some amount (either fixed or also specified in the instruction), either before or after the instruction is executed. These are very useful for stacks and for accessing blocks of data. Other variations form the effective address by adding together one or more registers and one or more constants which may themselves be direct or indirect. Such complex addressing modes are designed to support access to multidimensional arrays and arrays of data structures.
The addressing mode may be "implicit" - the location of the operand is obvious from the particular instruction. This would be the case for an instruction that modified a particular control register in the CPU or, in a stack based processor where operands are always on the top of the stack.
2. In IBM System 370/XA the addressing mode bit controls the size of the effective address generated. When this bit is zero, the CPU is in the 24-bit addressing mode, and 24 bit instruction and operand effective addresses are generated. When this bit is one, the CPU is in the 31-bit addressing mode, and 31-bit instruction and operand effective addresses are generated.
["IBM System/370 Extended Architecture Principles of Operation", Chapter 5., 'Address Generation', BiModal Addressing].
(1995-03-30)
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<networking> (Or "subnet mask") A bit mask used to identify which bits in an IP address correspond to the network address and subnet portions of the address. This mask is often referred to as the subnet mask because the network portion of the address can be determined by the class inherent in an IP address. The address mask has ones in positions corresponding to the network and subnet numbers and zeros in the host number positions.
(1996-03-21)
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<networking> Conversion of an Internet address into the corresponding physical address (Ethernet address). This is usually done using Address Resolution Protocol.
The resolver is a library routine and a set of processes which converts hostnames into Internet addresses, though this process in not usually referred to as resolution. See DNS.
(1996-04-09)
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<networking, protocol> (ARP) A method for finding a host's Ethernet address from its Internet address. The sender broadcasts an ARP packet containing the Internet address of another host and waits for it (or some other host) to send back its Ethernet address. Each host maintains a cache of address translations to reduce delay and loading. ARP allows the Internet address to be independent of the Ethernet address but it only works if all hosts support it.
ARP is defined in RFC 826.
The alternative for hosts that do not do ARP is constant mapping.
See also proxy ARP, reverse ARP.
(1995-03-20)
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<operating system, architecture> The range of addresses which a processor or process can access, or at which a device can be accessed. The term may refer to either physical address or virtual address.
The size of a processor's address space depends on the width of the processor's address bus and address registers.
Each device, such as a memory integrated circuit, will have its own local address space which starts at zero. This will be mapped to a range of addresses which starts at some base address in the processor's address space.
Similarly, each process will have its own address space, which may be all or a part of the processor's address space. In a multitasking system this may depend on where in memory the process happens to have been loaded. For a process to be able to run at any address it must consist of position-independent code. Alternatively, each process may see the same local address space, with the memory management unit mapping this to the process's own part of the processor's address space.
(1999-11-01)
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<storage> (AS) One of the input signals of a memory device, especially semiconductor memory, which is asserted to tell the memory device that the address inputs are valid. Upon receiving this signal the selected memory device starts the memory access (read/write) indicated by its other inputs.
It may be driven directly by the processor or by a memory controller.
(1996-10-02)
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<language> A language for specification of attribute grammars, used by the MUG2 compiler compiler.
["An Overview of the Attribute Definition Language ADELE", H. Ganziger in GI3, Fachesprach "Compiler-Compiler", W. Henhapl ed, Munchen Mar 1982, pp.22-53].
(1995-01-23)
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<language> An early system on the IBM 704.
Version: ADES II.
[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1995-03-20)
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Contrived purely for the purpose in hand rather than planned carefully in advance. E.g. "We didn't know what to do about the sausage rolls, so we set up an ad-hoc committee".
(1995-03-25)
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<jargon> /ad-hok'*r-ee/ (Purdue) 1. Gratuitous assumptions made inside certain programs, especially expert systems, which lead to the appearance of semi-intelligent behaviour but are in fact entirely arbitrary. For example, fuzzy-matching of input tokens that might be typing errors against a symbol table can make it look as though a program knows how to spell.
2. Special-case code to cope with some awkward input that would otherwise cause a program to fail, presuming normal inputs are dealt with in some cleaner and more regular way. Also called "ad-hackery", "ad-hocity" (/ad-hos'*-tee/), "ad-crockery".
See also ELIZA effect.
(1995-01-05)
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<database, project> The Aditi Deductive Database System. A multi-user deductive database system from the Machine Intelligence Project at the University of Melbourne. It supports base relations defined by facts (relations in the sense of relational databases) and derived relations defined by rules that specify how to compute new information from old information.
Both base relations and the rules defining derived relations are stored on disk and are accessed as required during query evaluation. The rules defining derived relations are expressed in a Prolog-like language, which is also used for expressing queries.
Aditi supports the full structured data capability of Prolog. Base relations can store arbitrarily nested terms, for example arbitrary length lists, and rules can directly manipulate such terms. Base relations can be indexed with B-trees or multi-level signature files.
Users can access the system through a Motif-based query and database administration tool, or through a command line interface. There is also in interface that allows NU-Prolog programs to access Aditi in a transparent manner. Proper transaction processing is not supported in this release.
The beta release runs on SPARC/SunOS4.1.2 and MIPS/Irix4.0.
E-mail: <aditi@cs.mu.oz.au>.
(1992-12-17)
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<networking> A relationship between two network devices, e.g. routers, which are connected by one media segment so that a packet sent by one can reach the other without going through another network device. The concept of adjacency is important in the exchange of routing information.
Adjacent SNA nodes are nodes connected to a given node with no intervening nodes. In DECnet and OSI, adjacent nodes share a common segment (Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring).
(1998-03-10)
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1. <games> Adventure Definition Language.
2. <language> Ada Development Language.
R.A. Lees, 1989.
3. <programming> API Definition Language.
A project for Automatic Interface Test Generation.
(1995-11-17)
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<language> A language which adds a Prolog layer to Ada.
["AdLog, An Ada Components Set to Add Logic to Ada", G. Pitette, Proc Ada-Europe Intl Conf Munich, June 1988].
(1995-03-21)
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<language> A picture query language, extension of Sequel2.
["An Image-Oriented Database System", Y. Takao et al, in Database Techniques for Pictorial Applications, A. Blaser ed, pp. 527-538].
(1995-03-21)
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Administration Management Domain
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<networking> (ADMD) An X.400 Message Handling System public service carrier. The ADMDs in all countries worldwide together provide the X.400 backbone. Examples: MCImail and ATTmail in the U.S., British Telecom Gold400mail in the U.K.
See also PRMD.
[RFC 1208].
(1997-05-07)
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<networking> A rating of the trustworthiness of a routing information source set by the router administrator. In Cisco routers, administrative distance is a number between 0 and 255 (the higher the value, the less trustworthy the source).
(1998-03-10)
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<networking> (AD) A collection of hosts and routers, and the interconnecting network(s), managed by a single administrative authority.
(1994-11-24)
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<algorithm> A description of a search algorithm that is guaranteed to find a minimal solution path before any other solution paths, if a solution exists. An example of an admissible search algorithm is A* search.
(1999-07-19)
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<company> A California font foundry and software house. Adobe created the PostScript page description language and wrote the Blue Book, Green Book, Red Book and White Book on it. They also developed PDF. Adobe took over Frame Technology Corporation in late 1995/early 1996.
E-mail: <postmaster@adobe.com>.
Address: Silicon Valley, California, USA.
(1996-12-13)
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<text, tool, product> (ATM) Software that produces PostScript outline fonts on screen and paper. There are versions that run under Microsoft Windows and on the Macintosh. ATM can do hinting, multiple master and anti-aliasing.
(1998-03-10)
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Adaptive Digital Pulse Code Modulation
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An expert system.
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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
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AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol
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<audio> (AAC) A successor to MP3, allowing lower bit rates and more stable quality.
See MPEG-2 AAC Low Profile and MPEG-4 AAC Main Profile.
(2001-12-02)
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<networking> (ACF/NCP, usually called just "NCP") The primary SNA network control program, one of the ACF products. ACF/NCP resides in the communications controller and interfaces with ACF/VTAM in the host processor to control network communications.
NCP can also communicate with multiple hosts using local channel or remote links (PU type 5 or PU type 4) thus enabling cross domain application communication. In a multiple mainframe SNA environment, any terminal or application can access any other application on any host using cross domain logon.
See also Emulator program.
[Communication or Communications?]
(1999-01-29)
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<networking> (ACF) A group of IBM SNA products that provide distributed processing and resource sharing such as VTAM and NCP.
[Communication or Communications?]
(1997-05-07)
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<body> (ACE) A consortium to agree on an open architecture based on the MIPS R4000 chip. A computer architecture ARCS will be defined, on which either OS/2 or Open Desktop can be run.
(1995-02-03)
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<hardware, standard> (ACPI) An open industry standard developed by Intel, Microsoft, and Toshiba for configuration and power management.
The key element of the standard is power management with two important improvements. First, it puts the OS in control of power management. In the currently existing APM model most of the power management tasks are run by the BIOS, with limited intervention from the OS. In ACPI, the BIOS is responsible for the dirty details of communicating with hardware equipment but the control is in the OS.
The other important feature is bringing power management features now available only in portable computers to desktop computers and servers. Extremely low consumption states, i.e., in which only memory, or not even memory is powered, but from which ordinary interrupts (real time clock, keyboard, modem, etc.) can quickly wake the system, are today available in portables only. The standard should make these available for a wider range of systems.
For ACPI to work the operating system, the motherboard chipset, and for some functions even the CPU has to be designed for it. Microsoft is heavily driving a move toward ACPI, both Windows NT 5.0 and Windows 98 will support it. It remains to be seen how much hardware manufacturers will embrace the technology and whether other operating system vendors will support it.
(1998-03-27)
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<protocol> An ANSI standard bit-oriented data link control protocol.
(1997-05-07)
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<cryptography, algorithm> (AES) The NIST's replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The Rijndael /rayn-dahl/ symmetric block cipher, designed by Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, was chosen by a NIST contest to be AES.
AES is Federal Information Processing Standard FIPS-197.
AES currently supports 128, 192 and 256-bit keys and encryption blocks, but may be extended in multiples of 32 bits.
http://csrc.nist.gov/CryptoToolkit/aes/.
(2003-07-04)
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<printer, language> (AFP) A page description language from IBM introduced in 1984 initially as Advanced Function Printing. AFP was first developed for mainframes and then brought to minicomputers and workstations. It is implemented on the various platforms by Print Services Facility (PSF) software, which generates the native IBM printer language, IPDS and, depending on the version, PostScript and LaserJet PCL as well. IBM calls AFP a "printer architecture" rather than a page description language.
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Advanced Function Presentation
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<storage> (AIT) A form of magnetic tape and drive using AME developed by Sony for storing large amounts of data. An AIT can store over 50 gigabytes and transfer data at six megabytes/second (in February 1999). AIT features high speed file access, long head and media life, the ALDC compression algorithm, and a MIC chip.
(1999-04-16)
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<operating system> (AIX) IBM's version of Unix, taken as the basis for the OSF standard.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.sys.unix.aix.
(1994-11-24)
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<company> (AMD) A US manufacturer of integrated circuits, founded in 1969. AMD was the fifth-largest IC manufacturer in 1995. AMD focuses on the personal and networked computation and communications market. They produce microprocessors, embedded processors and related peripherals, memories, programmable logic devices, circuits for telecommunications and networking applications.
In 1995, AMD had 12000 employees in the USA and elsewhere and manufacturing facilities in Austin, Texas; Aizu-Wakamatsu, Japan; Bangkok, Thailand; Penang, Malaysia; and Singapore.
AMD made the AMD 2900 series of bit-slice TTL components and clones of the Intel 80386 and Intel 486 microprocessors.
Address: Sunnyvale, CA, USA.
(1995-02-27)
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<networking> (ANSA) A "software bus" based on a model for distributed systems developed as an ESPRIT project.
(1996-04-01)
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<networking, product> (APPN) IBM data communications support that routes data in a network between two or more APPC systems that need not be adjacent.
(1995-02-03)
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<hardware> (APM) A feature of some displays, usually but not always, on laptop computers, which turns off power to the display after a preset period of inactivity to conserve electrical power. Monitors with this capability are usually refered to as "green monitors", meaning environmentally friendly.
Not to be confused with a screen blanker which is software that causes the display to go black (by setting every pixel to black) to prevent burn-in.
(1997-08-25)
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<integrated circuit> (APIC) A Programmable Interrupt Controller (PIC) that can handle interrupts from and for multiple CPUs, and, usually, has more available interrupt lines that a typical PIC.
(2003-03-18)
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<networking, product> (APPC) An implementation of the IBM SNA/SDLC LU6.2 protocol that allows interconnected systems to communicate and share the processing of programs.
(1995-02-03)
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Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
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<networking> (ARPANET) A pioneering longhaul wide area network funded by DARPA (when it was still called "ARPA"?). It became operational in 1968 and served as the basis for early networking research, as well as a central backbone during the development of the Internet. The ARPANET consisted of individual packet switching computers interconnected by leased lines. Protocols used include FTP and telnet. It has now been replaced by NSFnet.
[1968 or 1969?]
(1994-11-17)
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<database> (AREV) A database development environment for personal computers available from Revelation Software since 1982. Originally based on the PICK operating system, there are over one million users worldwide in 1996.
(1996-12-12)
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<standard, hardware> (ARC, previously ARCS) The baseline hardware requirements for an ACE-compatible system.
(1995-01-16)
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<processor> (ARM, Originally Acorn RISC Machine). A series of low-cost, power-efficient 32-bit RISC microprocessors for embedded control, computing, digital signal processing, games, consumer multimedia and portable applications. It was the first commercial RISC microprocessor (or was the MIPS R2000?) and was licensed for production by Asahi Kasei Microsystems, Cirrus Logic, GEC Plessey Semiconductors, Samsung, Sharp, Texas Instruments and VLSI Technology.
The ARM has a small and highly orthogonal instruction set, as do most RISC processors. Every instruction includes a four-bit code which specifies a condition (of the processor status register) which must be satisfied for the instruction to be executed. Unconditional execution is specified with a condition "true".
Instructions are split into load and store which access memory and arithmetic and logic instructions which work on registers (two source and one destination).
The ARM has 27 registers of which 16 are accessible in any particular processor mode. R15 combines the program counter and processor status byte, the other registers are general purpose except that R14 holds the return address after a subroutine call and R13 is conventionally used as a stack pointer. There are four processor modes: user, interrupt (with a private copy of R13 and R14), fast interrupt (private copies of R8 to R14) and supervisor (private copies of R13 and R14). The ALU includes a 32-bit barrel-shifter allowing, e.g., a single-cycle shift and add.
The first ARM processor, the ARM1 was a prototype which was never released. The ARM2 was originally called the Acorn RISC Machine. It was designed by Acorn Computers Ltd. and used in the original Archimedes, their successor to the BBC Micro and BBC Master series which were based on the eight-bit 6502 microprocessor. It was clocked at 8 MHz giving an average performance of 4 - 4.7 MIPS. Development of the ARM family was then continued by a new company, Advanced RISC Machines Ltd.
The ARM3 added a fully-associative on-chip cache and some support for multiprocessing. This was followed by the ARM600 chip which was an ARM6 processor core with a 4-kilobyte 64-way set-associative cache, an MMU based on the MEMC2 chip, a write buffer (8 words?) and a coprocessor interface.
The ARM7 processor core uses half the power of the ARM6 and takes around half the die size. In a full processor design (ARM700 chip) it should provide 50% to 100% more performance.
In July 1994 VLSI Technology, Inc. released the ARM710 processor chip.
Thumb is an implementation with reduced code size requirements, intended for embedded applications.
An ARM800 chip is also planned.
AT&T, IBM, Panasonic, Apple Coputer, Matsushita and Sanyo either rely on, or manufacture, ARM 32-bit processor chips.
Usenet newsgroup: comp.sys.arm.
(1997-08-05)
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<company> (ARM) A company formed in 1990 by Acorn Computers Ltd., Apple Computer, Inc. and VLSI Technology to market and develop the Advanced RISC Machine microprocessor family, originally designed by Acorn.
ARM Ltd. also designs and licenses peripheral chips and supplies supporting software and hardware tools. In April 1993, Nippon Investment and Finance, a Daiwa Securities company, became ARM's fourth investor. In May 1994 Samsung became the sixth large company to have a licence to use the ARM processor core.
The success of ARM Ltd. and the strategy to widen the availability of RISC technology has resulted in its chips now being used in a range of products including the Apple Newton. As measured by an independent authority, more ARM processors were shipped than SPARC chips in 1993. ARM has also sold three times more chips than the PowerPC consortium.
http://systemv.com/armltd/index.html.
E-mail: armltd.co.uk.
Address: Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. Fulbourn Road, Cherry Hinton, Cambridge CB1 4JN, UK.
Telephone: +44 (1223) 400 400. Fax: +44 (1223) 400 410.
(1994-11-03)
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<storage, programming> (ASPI) A set of libraries designed to provide programs running under Microsoft Windows with a consistent interface for accessing SCSI devices. ASPI has become a de facto standard.
The ASPI layer is a collection of programs (DLLs) that together implement the ASPI interface. Many problems are caused by device manufacturers packaging incomplete sets of these DLLs with their hardware, often with incorrect date stamps, causing newer versions to get replaced with old. ASPICHK from Adaptec will check the ASPI components installed on a computer.
The latest ASPI layer as of March 1999 is 1014.
The ATAPI standard for IDE devices makes them look to the system like SCSI devices and allows them to work through ASPI.
http://resource.simplenet.com/primer/aspi.htm.
(1999-03-30)
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<programming> (ASE) An object-oriented application support system from Nixdorf.
(1995-09-12)
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<tool, electronics> (ASTAP) A program for analysing electronic circuits and other networks.
["Advanced Statistical Analysis Program (ASTAP) Program Reference Manual", SH-20-1118, IBM, 1973].
(2000-01-27)
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<storage, hardware, standard> (ATA, AT Attachment or "Integrated Drive Electronics", IDE) A disk drive interface standard based on the IBM PC ISA 16-bit bus but also used on other personal computers. ATA specifies the power and data signal interfaces between the motherboard and the integrated disk controller and drive. The ATA "bus" only supports two devices - master and slave.
ATA drives may in fact use any physical interface the manufacturer desires, so long as an embedded translator is included with the proper ATA interface. ATA "controllers" are actually direct connections to the ISA bus.
Originally called IDE, the ATA interface was invented by Compaq around 1986, and was developed with the help of Western Digital, Imprimis, and then-upstart Conner Peripherals. Efforts to standardise the interface started in 1988; the first draft appeared in March 1989, and a finished version was sent to ANSI group X3T10 (who named it "Advanced Technology Attachment" (ATA)) for ratification in November 1990.
X3T10 later extended ATA to Advanced Technology Attachment Interface with Extensions (ATA-2), followed by ATA-3 and ATA-4.
(1998-10-08)
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<storage, standard> (ATA-2, Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics, EIDE) A proposed (May 1996 or earlier?) standard from X3T10 (document 948D rev 3) which extends the Advanced Technology Attachment interface while maintaining compatibility with current IBM PC BIOS designs.
ATA-2 provides for faster data rates, 32-bit transactions and (in some drives) DMA. Optional support for power saving modes and removable devices is also in the standard.
ATA-2 was developed by Western Digital as "Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics" (EIDE) around 1994. Marketroids call it "Fast ATA" or "Fast ATA-2".
ATA-2 was followed by ATA-3 and ATA-4 ("Ultra DMA").
(2000-10-07)
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<multimedia, music, hardware> (AWE) The kind of synthesis used by the EMU 8000 music synthesizer integrated circuit found on the SB AWE32 card.
(1996-12-15)
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<language, software> A CASE tool for rapid application development which generates code from graphical business process models. Formerly called Information Engineering Facility (IEF) and produced by Texas Instruments, it was then bought by Sterling Software, Inc. who renamed it to COOL:Gen to fit into their COOL line of products. Computer Associates International, Inc. then acquired Sterling Software, Inc., and renamed the tool "Advantage Gen".
In 2003, CA are supporting Advantage Gen and adding support for J2EE/EJB, enhanced web enablement, Web services, and .Net.
Latest version: 6.5, as of 2003-04-14.
http://www3.ca.com/Solutions/Product.asp?ID=256.
(2003-06-23)
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<games> /ad'vent/ The prototypical computer adventure game, first implemented by Will Crowther for a CDC computer (probably the CDC 6600?) as an attempt at computer-refereed fantasy gaming.
ADVENT was ported to the PDP-10, and expanded to the 350-point Classic puzzle-oriented version, by Don Woods of the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL). The game is now better known as Adventure, but the TOPS-10 operating system permitted only six-letter filenames. All the versions since are based on the SAIL port.
David Long of the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business Computing Facility (which had two of the four DEC20s on campus in the late 1970s and early 1980s) was responsible for expanding the cave in a number of ways, and pushing the point count up to 500, then 501 points. Most of his work was in the data files, but he made some changes to the parser as well.
This game defined the terse, dryly humorous style now expected in text adventure games, and popularised several tag lines that have become fixtures of hacker-speak: "A huge green fierce snake bars the way!" "I see no X here" (for some noun X). "You are in a maze of twisty little passages, all alike." "You are in a little maze of twisty passages, all different." The "magic words" xyzzy and plugh also derive from this game.
Crowther, by the way, participated in the exploration of the Mammoth & Flint Ridge cave system; it actually *has* a "Colossal Cave" and a "Bedquilt" as in the game, and the "Y2" that also turns up is cavers' jargon for a map reference to a secondary entrance.
See also vadding.
[Was the original written in Fortran?]
(1996-04-01)
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<language, games> (ADL) An adventure game language interpreter designed by Ross Cunniff <cunniff@fc.hp.com> and Tim Brengle in 1987. ADL is semi-object-oriented with Lisp-like syntax and is a superset of DDL. It is available for Unix, MS-DOS, Amiga and Acorn Archimedes.
ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.games/volume2, ftp://ftp.wustl.edu/systems/amiga/fish/fish/f0/ff091.
(1995-03-20)
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<language, games> An adventure game language designed by David Betz in 1986. ADVSYS is object-oriented and Lisp-like.
ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/comp.sources.games/volume2.
(1995-03-20)
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<software> Any kind of software which is distributed free of charge along with advertisements that are either placed on the web site from which the software is distributed or displayed by the program while it is running.
Nagware might be considered a special case of adware where the program tries to persuade the user to buy a license for the program itself.
(2007-11-20)
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<networking> The country code for the United Arab Emirates.
(1999-01-27)
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<operating system> A Unix variant that was used on Apollo workstations before Apollo was bought by Hewlett Packard. AEGIS has some advantages over standard BSD or System V Unix. It includes faster file access and a richer command set; there are commands to find out which process is running on a particular node, which process is locking a particular file, etc.
(1997-02-25)
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<programming, tool> A CASE tool for project change management written by Peter Miller, with minor contributions by a few others. Aegis is licensed using the GNU GPL but is not a GNU project.
(2005-03-24)
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<language> A concurrent language with atomic transactions.
["Rationale for the Design of Aeolus", C. Wilkes et al, Proc IEEE 1986 Intl Conf Comp Lang, IEEE 1986, pp.107-122].
(1995-03-27)
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Application Environment Profile
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<convention> "Complexity increases the possibility of failure; a twin-engine aeroplane has twice as many engine problems as a single-engine aeroplane."
By analogy, in both software and electronics, the implication is that simplicity increases robustness and that the right way to build reliable systems is to put all your eggs in one basket, after making sure that you've built a really *good* basket.
While simplicity is a useful design goal, and twin-engine aeroplanes do have twice as many engine problems, the analogy is almost entirely bogus. Commercial passenger aircraft are required to have at least two engines (on different wings or nacelles) so that the aeroplane can land safely if one engine fails. As Albert Einstein said, "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler".
See also KISS Principle.
(1999-03-22)
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1. <programming> Application environment specification.
2. <security> Advanced Encryption Standard.
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An Evolutionary System for On-line Programming
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<networking> The country code for Afghanistan.
(1999-01-27)
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<language> An early system on the IBM 704.
[Listed in CACM 2(5):16 (May 1959)].
(1995-04-04)
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<chat> as far as I know.
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<mathematics> A linear transformation followed by a translation. Given a matrix M and a vector v,
A(x) = Mx + vis a typical affine transformation.
(1995-04-10)
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<graphics> A visual clue to the function of an object.
(1998-10-15)
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American Federation of Information Processing Societies
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<chat> away from keyboard.
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<tool> A Lex-like scanner generator that produce Ada output from IRUS (Irvine Research Unit in Software). aflex comes with ayacc.
Version 1.2a.
Mailing list: <irus-software-request@ics.uci.edu>.
ftp://liege.ics.uci.edu/pub/irus/aflex-ayacc_1.2a.tar.Z.
(1993-01-06)
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<body, standard> Association Francaise pour la Normalisation.
The French national standards institute, a member of ISO.
(1994-12-14)
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1. <protocol> Appletalk Filing Protocol.
2. <printer, language> Advanced Function Presentation.
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Association Française des Utilisateurs d'Unix
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<networking> The country code for Antigua and Barbuda.
(1999-01-27)
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<networking> In the client-server model, the part of the system that performs information preparation and exchange on behalf of a client or server. Especially in the phrase "intelligent agent" it implies some kind of automatic process which can communicate with other agents to perform some collective task on behalf of one or more humans.
(1995-04-09)
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<programming> A data type composed of multiple elements. An aggregate can be homogeneous (all elements have the same type) e.g. an array, a list in a functional language, a string of characters, a file; or it can be heterogeneous (elements can have different types) e.g. a structure. In most languages aggregates can contain elements which are themselves aggregates. e.g. a list of lists.
See also union.
(1996-03-23)
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<programming> A composition technique for building a new object from one or more existing objects that support some or all of the new object's required interfaces.
(1996-01-07)
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<networking> A program for watching for new content at user-specified RSS feeds.
An example is BottomFeeder.
(2003-09-29)
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<programming> (Atelier de Genie Logiciel) French for IPSE.
(1997-01-07)
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<artificial intelligence> (After the initials of the authors who established the field - Alchourron, Makinson and Gardenfors). A method of belief revision giving minimal properties a revision process should have.
[Reference?]
(1995-03-20)
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<person> (1878-1929) A Danish mathematician. Erlang the language and unit were named after him.
Interested in the theory of probability, in 1908 Erlang joined the Copenhagen Telephone Company where he studied the problem of waiting times for telephone calls.
He worked out how to calculate the fraction of callers who must wait due to all the lines of an exchange being in use. His formula for loss and waiting time was published in 1917. It is now known as the "Erlang formula" and is still in use today.
(2005-02-26)
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<language> A distributed object-oriented language.
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<language> (AHPL) A register-level language by Hill and Peterson, some of whose operators resemble APL.
HPSIM2 is a function-level simulator, available from Engrg Expt Sta, University of Arizona.
["Digital Systems: Hardware Organization and Design", F. Hill et al, Wiley 1987].
(1995-01-26)
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Analog Hardware Design Language
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A Hardware Programming Language
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<networking> The country code for Anguilla.
(1999-01-27)
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Application Integration Architecture
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<artificial intelligence, jargon> /A-I k*m-pleet'/ (MIT, Stanford: by analogy with "NP-complete") A term used to describe problems or subproblems in artificial intelligence, to indicate that the solution presupposes a solution to the "strong AI problem" (that is, the synthesis of a human-level intelligence). A problem that is AI-complete is, in other words, just too hard.
See also gedanken.
(1995-04-12)
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Algebraic Interpretive Dialogue
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<language> 1. A functional dialect of Dictionary APL by M. Gfeller.
["APL Arrays and Their Editor", M. Gfeller, SIGPLAN Notices 21(6):18-27 (June 1986) and SIGAPL Conf Proc].
2. An intermediate representation language for Ada developed at the University of Karlsruhe in 1980. AIDA was merged with TCOL.Ada to form Diana.
["AIDA Introduction and User Manual", M. Dausmann et al, U Karlsruhe, Inst fur Inform II, TR Nr 38/80].
["AIDA Reference Manual", ibid, TR Nr 39/80, Nov 1980].
(1995-04-12)
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<jargon> /aydz/ A* Infected Disk Syndrome ("A*" is a glob pattern that matches, but is not limited to, Apple Computer), this condition is quite often the result of practicing unsafe SEX.
See virus, worm, Trojan horse, virgin.
(1995-04-13)
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<abuse, operating system> /aydkz/ A derogatory term for IBM's perverted version of Unix, AIX, especially for the AIX 3.? used in the IBM RS/6000 series (some hackers think it is funnier just to pronounce "AIX" as "aches"). A victim of the dreaded "hybridism" disease, this attempt to combine the two main currents of the Unix stream (BSD and USG Unix) became a monstrosity to haunt system administrators' dreams. For example, if new accounts are created while many users are logged on, the load average jumps quickly over 20 due to silly implementation of the user databases.
For a quite similar disease, compare HP-SUX. Also, compare Macintrash Nominal Semidestructor, Open DeathTrap, ScumOS, sun-stools.
(1995-04-13)
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<company> One of distributors of Prolog++, subsumed by Customer Engagement Company before December 1998.
(1998-12-13)
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<data> An alternative form of the Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) system for encoding numbers. Where BCD encodes each decimal digit in normal binary, Aiken code uses the encoding shown below. This is supposed to be less prone to corruption.
The following table shows the encoding of each decimal digit, D, in BCD and Aiken code:
D BCD Aiken 0 0000 0000 1 0001 0001 2 0010 0010 3 0011 0011 4 0100 0100 5 0101 1011 (inverted 4) 6 0110 1100 (inverted 3) 7 0111 1101 (inverted 2) 8 1000 1110 (inverted 1) 9 1001 1111 (inverted 0)The Aiken code was probably designed by Howard Aiken in the 1940s or 1950s for use in data transmission.
Compare: Gray code.
[What is it good for and why?]
(2007-07-16)
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<humour> /A-I koh'an/ One of a series of pastiches of Zen teaching riddles created by Danny Hillis at the MIT AI Lab around various major figures of the Lab's culture.
See also ha ha only serious, mu.
In reading these, it is at least useful to know that Marvin Minsky, Gerald Sussman, and Drescher are AI researchers of note, that Tom Knight was one of the Lisp machine's principal designers, and that David Moon wrote much of Lisp Machine Lisp.
* * *A novice was trying to fix a broken Lisp machine by turning the power off and on.
Knight, seeing what the student was doing, spoke sternly: "You cannot fix a machine by just power-cycling it with no understanding of what is going wrong."
Knight turned the machine off and on.
The machine worked.
* * *One day a student came to Moon and said: "I understand how to make a better garbage collector. We must keep a reference count of the pointers to each cons."
Moon patiently told the student the following story:
"One day a student came to Moon and said: `I understand
how to make a better garbage collector...
[Pure reference-count garbage collectors have problems with
circular structures that point to themselves.]
* * *In the days when Sussman was a novice, Minsky once came to him as he sat hacking at the PDP-6.
"What are you doing?", asked Minsky.
"I am training a randomly wired neural net to play Tic-Tac-Toe", Sussman replied.
"Why is the net wired randomly?", asked Minsky.
"I do not want it to have any preconceptions of how to play", Sussman said.
Minsky then shut his eyes.
"Why do you close your eyes?", Sussman asked his teacher.
"So that the room will be empty."
At that moment, Sussman was enlightened.
* * *A disciple of another sect once came to Drescher as he was eating his morning meal.
"I would like to give you this personality test", said the outsider, "because I want you to be happy."
Drescher took the paper that was offered him and put it into the toaster, saying: "I wish the toaster to be happy, too."
(1995-02-08)
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<networking, company> An Internet access provider for individuals and corporations. They provide dial-up, SLIP, PPP and shell accounts as well as ISDN.
Address: Cupertino, CA 95014, USA.
Telephone: +1 (408) 253 0900
(1995-02-08)
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<standard> A future infrared standard from IrDA. AIR will provide in-room multipoint to multipoint connectivity. AIR supports a data rate of 4 Mbps at a distance of 4 metres, and 250 Kbps at up to 8 metres. It is designed for cordless connections to multiple peripherals and meeting room collaboration applications.
See also IrDA Data and IrDA Control
(1999-10-14)
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<language> (AIMACO) A modification of FLOW-MATIC. AIMACO was supplanted by COBOL.
[Sammet 1969, p. 378].
(1995-02-20)
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Advanced Interactive eXecutive
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<programming> (Asynchronous JavaScript And XML) A collection of techniques for creating interactive web applications without having to reload the complete web page in response to each user input, thus making the interaction faster. AJAX typically uses the XMLHttpRequest browser object to exchange data asynchronously with the web server. Alternatively, an IFrame object or dynamically added <script> tags may be used instead of XMLHttpRequest.
Despite the name, Ajax can combine any browser scripting language (not just JavaScript) and any data representation (not just XML). Alternative data formats include HTML, plain text or JSON.
Several Ajax frameworks are now available to simplify Ajax development.
(2007-10-04)
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2. artificial life.
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<networking> The country code for Albania.
(1999-01-27)
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<company> A small, privately owned, US software consulting and development company, founded in 1986, best known as the original developer of Ghostscript.
Address: San Francisco Peninsula, California, USA.
Not to be confused with Aladdin Systems, Inc..
(2003-09-24)
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<company> The company that developed and distributes Stuffit and other utility software for the Macintosh, Microsoft Windows, and Palm handheld computers.
Not to be confused with Aladdin Enterprises.
(2003-09-20)
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1. <language> A Language for Attributed Definitions.
2. <tool> An interactive mathematics system for the IBM 360.
["A Conversational System for Engineering Assistance: ALADIN", Y. Siret, Proc Second Symp Symb Algebraic Math, ACM Mar 1971].
(1995-04-13)
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<language> A language for symbolic mathematics, especially General Relativity.
See also CLAM.
["ALAM Programmer's Manual", Ray D'Inverno, 1970].
(1994-10-28)
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<person> The man who founded Shugart Associates and later co-founded Seagate Technology. Alan Shugart left Shugart Associates in 1974 [did he quit or was he fired?] and took a break from the disk-drive business. In 1979, he and Finis Conner founded a new company that at first was called Shugart Technology and later Seagate Technology.
(2000-02-09)
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<language> An early ALGOL-like surface syntax for Lisp.
["An Auxiliary Language for More Natural Expression--The A-language", W. Henneman in The Programming Language LISP, E.C. Berkeley et al eds, MIT Press 1964, pp.239- 248].
(1994-10-28)
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<language> (ALEPH) A language developed in about 1975.
["On the Design of ALEPH", D. Grune, CWI, Nethe